diff --git a/cmd/ateom-gvisor/hosted.go b/cmd/ateom-gvisor/hosted.go
index 8789a6727..43c5edb95 100644
--- a/cmd/ateom-gvisor/hosted.go
+++ b/cmd/ateom-gvisor/hosted.go
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ func (s *AteomService) hostActor(ctx context.Context, attribution resources.Acto
 		ActorUID:   uid,
 		Veth:       true,
 		EgressPort: s.tunnel.EgressPort,
-		DNSPort:    atunnel.DNSPort,
 	}, s.tunnel.Egress, s.tunnel.DNSRelay)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.actorsMu.Lock()
diff --git a/cmd/ateom-microvm/hosted.go b/cmd/ateom-microvm/hosted.go
index 0a5e23ae5..c531af9c7 100644
--- a/cmd/ateom-microvm/hosted.go
+++ b/cmd/ateom-microvm/hosted.go
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ func (s *AteomService) hostActor(ctx context.Context, attribution resources.Acto
 	session, err := ateomnet.ServeSandbox(ctx, ateomnet.SandboxNetworkConfig{
 		ActorUID:   uid,
 		EgressPort: s.tunnel.EgressPort,
-		DNSPort:    atunnel.DNSPort,
 	}, s.tunnel.Egress, s.tunnel.DNSRelay)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.actorsMu.Lock()
diff --git a/cmd/ateom-microvm/net_linux_test.go b/cmd/ateom-microvm/net_linux_test.go
index f25e894b8..1a8b41f3e 100644
--- a/cmd/ateom-microvm/net_linux_test.go
+++ b/cmd/ateom-microvm/net_linux_test.go
@@ -40,12 +40,8 @@ func TestHostActorReplacesSameActor(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	dns, err := atunnel.NewDNSRelay([]string{"127.0.0.1:53"})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 	service := &AteomService{
-		tunnel:    &ateomtunnel.Tunnel{Egress: egress, EgressPort: 15001, DNSRelay: dns},
+		tunnel:    &ateomtunnel.Tunnel{Egress: egress, EgressPort: 15001},
 		actors:    map[string]*hostedActor{},
 		maxActors: 1,
 	}
diff --git a/internal/atunnel/dns.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/relay.go
similarity index 61%
rename from internal/atunnel/dns.go
rename to internal/ateomnet/dns/relay.go
index 24d6541b3..b636f72a4 100644
--- a/internal/atunnel/dns.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/dns/relay.go
@@ -12,25 +12,25 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package atunnel
+package dns
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/ateomnet/netns"
 )
 
 const (
-	// DNSPort is the relay port on the sandbox's gateway.
-	DNSPort = 53
+	// dnsPort is the relay port on the sandbox's gateway.
+	dnsPort = 53
 
 	// Read complete UDP datagrams without truncating EDNS responses.
 	maxDNSDatagram = 65535
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ const (
 	dnsExchangeTimeout = 5 * time.Second
 )
 
-// DNSRelay forwards UDP and TCP DNS unchanged to the worker pod's resolvers.
+// Relay forwards UDP and TCP DNS unchanged to the worker pod's resolvers.
 // It listens in the sandbox's gateway namespace and dials from the worker's.
 // DNS bypasses the egress tunnel and is not checked against egress policy.
-type DNSRelay struct {
+type Relay struct {
 	upstreams []string
 	// dialer reaches upstream resolvers from the worker namespace.
 	dialer *net.Dialer
@@ -61,17 +61,29 @@ type DNSRelay struct {
 	connections chan struct{}
 }
 
-// NewDNSRelay forwards to upstreams, each "host:port".
-func NewDNSRelay(upstreams []string) (*DNSRelay, error) {
+// NewRelay reads nameservers from resolvConfPath and forwards to each on port 53.
+func NewRelay(resolvConfPath string) (*Relay, error) {
+	upstreams, err := resolvConfNameservers(resolvConfPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewRelayForUpstreams(upstreams)
+}
+
+// NewRelayForUpstreams forwards to upstreams, each "host:port", tried in order.
+func NewRelayForUpstreams(upstreams []string) (*Relay, error) {
 	if len(upstreams) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: at least one upstream resolver is required")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: at least one upstream resolver is required")
 	}
 	for _, u := range upstreams {
 		if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(u); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: invalid upstream resolver %q: %w", u, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: invalid upstream resolver %q: %w", u, err)
 		}
 	}
-	return &DNSRelay{
+
+	slog.Info("DNS relay configured", slog.Any("upstreams", upstreams))
+
+	return &Relay{
 		upstreams:   upstreams,
 		dialer:      &net.Dialer{Timeout: dnsExchangeTimeout},
 		inFlight:    make(chan struct{}, maxInFlightDNS),
@@ -79,42 +91,61 @@ func NewDNSRelay(upstreams []string) (*DNSRelay, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// ResolvConfNameservers reads nameservers from resolv.conf as "host:53".
-func ResolvConfNameservers(path string) ([]string, error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: reading resolv.conf: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
+// Serve serves UDP and TCP DNS in the sandbox's local gateway namespace.
+func (r *Relay) Serve(ctx context.Context, ns netns.Handle) ([]io.Closer, []func(), error) {
+	// Bind the wildcard because the microVM tap's gateway address is added later.
+	address := net.JoinHostPort("0.0.0.0", strconv.Itoa(dnsPort))
 
-	var out []string
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
-		if i := strings.IndexAny(line, "#;"); i >= 0 {
-			line = strings.TrimSpace(line[:i])
+	var packet net.PacketConn
+	var stream net.Listener
+	if err := netns.Do(ctx, ns, func(context.Context) error {
+		pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", address)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("while opening the actor DNS socket: %w", err)
 		}
-		rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, "nameserver")
-		if !ok {
-			continue
+		packet = pc
+		l, err := net.Listen("tcp", address)
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = pc.Close()
+			return fmt.Errorf("while opening the actor DNS listener: %w", err)
 		}
-		address := strings.TrimSpace(rest)
-		if address == "" || net.ParseIP(address) == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		out = append(out, net.JoinHostPort(address, "53"))
+		stream = l
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: reading resolv.conf: %w", err)
-	}
-	if len(out) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: %s names no usable nameserver", path)
-	}
-	return out, nil
+
+	closers, serve := r.ServeOn(ctx, packet, stream)
+	return closers, serve, nil
 }
 
-// ServePacket answers UDP queries until ctx is canceled or the socket fails.
-func (r *DNSRelay) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
+// ServeOn serves UDP DNS on packet and TCP DNS on stream, which the caller has
+// already bound. It returns the functions that serve, each to be run on its own
+// goroutine, and the closers that stop them and release the sockets.
+func (r *Relay) ServeOn(ctx context.Context, packet net.PacketConn, stream net.Listener) ([]io.Closer, []func()) {
+	// Detached from the activation RPC's context but cancelable: the relay's
+	// capacity is the worker's, so teardown must drop queries still in flight.
+	serveCtx, stopServing := context.WithCancel(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
+	serve := []func(){
+		func() {
+			if err := r.servePacket(serveCtx, packet); err != nil {
+				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Actor DNS socket stopped", slog.Any("err", err))
+			}
+		},
+		func() {
+			if err := r.serveTCP(serveCtx, stream); err != nil {
+				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Actor DNS listener stopped", slog.Any("err", err))
+			}
+		},
+	}
+	// Cancel first: closing the sockets alone leaves the queries already being
+	// resolved holding the relay.
+	closers := []io.Closer{closerFunc(func() error { stopServing(); return nil }), packet, stream}
+	return closers, serve
+}
+
+// servePacket answers UDP queries until ctx is canceled or the socket fails.
+func (r *Relay) servePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
 		select {
@@ -135,7 +166,7 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
 			if ctx.Err() != nil || errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
 				return nil
 			}
-			return fmt.Errorf("atunnel: reading actor DNS query: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("dns: reading actor DNS query: %w", err)
 		}
 		// Copied: the buffer is reused by the next read.
 		query := make([]byte, n)
@@ -144,7 +175,7 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
 		select {
 		case r.inFlight <- struct{}{}:
 		default:
-			slog.DebugContext(ctx, "atunnel dropped a DNS query; too many in flight")
+			slog.DebugContext(ctx, "dns relay dropped a DNS query; too many in flight")
 			continue
 		}
 		wg.Add(1)
@@ -153,18 +184,18 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
 			defer func() { <-r.inFlight }()
 			answer, err := r.exchangeUDP(ctx, query)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "atunnel could not resolve an actor DNS query", slog.Any("err", err))
+				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "dns relay could not resolve an actor DNS query", slog.Any("err", err))
 				return
 			}
 			if _, err := pc.WriteTo(answer, from); err != nil && ctx.Err() == nil {
-				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "atunnel could not return a DNS answer", slog.Any("err", err))
+				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "dns relay could not return a DNS answer", slog.Any("err", err))
 			}
 		}()
 	}
 }
 
-// Serve relays TCP DNS connections until ctx is canceled or the listener closes.
-func (r *DNSRelay) Serve(ctx context.Context, listener net.Listener) error {
+// serveTCP relays TCP DNS connections until ctx is canceled or the listener closes.
+func (r *Relay) serveTCP(ctx context.Context, listener net.Listener) error {
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
 		select {
@@ -186,12 +217,12 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) Serve(ctx context.Context, listener net.Listener) error {
 			if ctx.Err() != nil || errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
 				return nil
 			}
-			return fmt.Errorf("atunnel: accepting actor DNS connection: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("dns: accepting actor DNS connection: %w", err)
 		}
 		select {
 		case r.connections <- struct{}{}:
 		default:
-			slog.DebugContext(ctx, "atunnel refused a DNS connection; too many open")
+			slog.DebugContext(ctx, "dns relay refused a DNS connection; too many open")
 			_ = conn.Close()
 			continue
 		}
@@ -204,7 +235,7 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) Serve(ctx context.Context, listener net.Listener) error {
 	}
 }
 
-func (r *DNSRelay) exchangeUDP(ctx context.Context, query []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *Relay) exchangeUDP(ctx context.Context, query []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	var errs error
 	// deferred holds a server-failure answer to fall back on, see below.
 	var deferred []byte
@@ -251,45 +282,11 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) exchangeUDP(ctx context.Context, query []byte) ([]byte, error
 	if deferred != nil {
 		return deferred, nil
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("atunnel: no upstream resolver answered: %w", errs)
-}
-
-// Response codes that say the resolver failed rather than answered. NXDOMAIN
-// and NOERROR are answers and are passed back as they are.
-const (
-	rcodeServFail = 2
-	rcodeNotImp   = 4
-	rcodeRefused  = 5
-)
-
-// failoverRcode reports the response code when the relay should try the next
-// upstream. Reads the 12-byte header only; anything shorter is passed through.
-func failoverRcode(msg []byte) (byte, bool) {
-	if len(msg) < 12 {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	rcode := msg[3] & 0x0f
-	switch rcode {
-	case rcodeServFail, rcodeNotImp, rcodeRefused:
-		return rcode, true
-	}
-	return 0, false
-}
-
-func rcodeError(rcode byte) error {
-	switch rcode {
-	case rcodeServFail:
-		return errors.New("answered SERVFAIL")
-	case rcodeNotImp:
-		return errors.New("answered NOTIMP")
-	case rcodeRefused:
-		return errors.New("answered REFUSED")
-	}
-	return fmt.Errorf("answered rcode %d", rcode)
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: no upstream resolver answered: %w", errs)
 }
 
 // relayTCP copies a DNS stream without parsing its length-prefixed messages.
-func (r *DNSRelay) relayTCP(ctx context.Context, downstream net.Conn) {
+func (r *Relay) relayTCP(ctx context.Context, downstream net.Conn) {
 	defer downstream.Close()
 
 	var upstream net.Conn
@@ -304,7 +301,7 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) relayTCP(ctx context.Context, downstream net.Conn) {
 		break
 	}
 	if upstream == nil {
-		slog.WarnContext(ctx, "atunnel could not reach any resolver for an actor DNS connection", slog.Any("err", errs))
+		slog.WarnContext(ctx, "dns relay could not reach any resolver for an actor DNS connection", slog.Any("err", errs))
 		return
 	}
 	defer upstream.Close()
@@ -346,3 +343,43 @@ func (r *DNSRelay) relayTCP(ctx context.Context, downstream net.Conn) {
 	}()
 	wg.Wait()
 }
+
+// Response codes that say the resolver failed rather than answered. NXDOMAIN
+// and NOERROR are answers and are passed back as they are.
+const (
+	rcodeServFail = 2
+	rcodeNotImp   = 4
+	rcodeRefused  = 5
+)
+
+// failoverRcode reports the response code when the relay should try the next
+// upstream. Reads the 12-byte header only; anything shorter is passed through.
+func failoverRcode(msg []byte) (byte, bool) {
+	if len(msg) < 12 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	rcode := msg[3] & 0x0f
+	switch rcode {
+	case rcodeServFail, rcodeNotImp, rcodeRefused:
+		return rcode, true
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+func rcodeError(rcode byte) error {
+	switch rcode {
+	case rcodeServFail:
+		return errors.New("answered SERVFAIL")
+	case rcodeNotImp:
+		return errors.New("answered NOTIMP")
+	case rcodeRefused:
+		return errors.New("answered REFUSED")
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("answered rcode %d", rcode)
+}
+
+// closerFunc adapts a cancel function to io.Closer, so a caller takes a
+// sandbox's sockets and the work behind them down as one list.
+type closerFunc func() error
+
+func (f closerFunc) Close() error { return f() }
diff --git a/internal/atunnel/dns_test.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/relay_test.go
similarity index 79%
rename from internal/atunnel/dns_test.go
rename to internal/ateomnet/dns/relay_test.go
index 67cc3deb9..b6528af18 100644
--- a/internal/atunnel/dns_test.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/dns/relay_test.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-package atunnel
+package dns
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -30,54 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 )
 
-func TestResolvConfNameservers(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name    string
-		content string
-		want    []string
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "cluster resolv.conf",
-			content: "search ate-system.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local\nnameserver 10.96.0.10\noptions ndots:5\n",
-			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "several, in order",
-			content: "nameserver 10.96.0.10\nnameserver 8.8.8.8\n",
-			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53", "8.8.8.8:53"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "comments and blanks",
-			content: "# generated\n\n  nameserver 10.96.0.10  # cluster\n;nameserver 1.1.1.1\n",
-			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53"},
-		},
-		{name: "no nameserver", content: "search cluster.local\n", wantErr: true},
-		{name: "unparsable address", content: "nameserver not-an-ip\n", wantErr: true},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "resolv.conf")
-			if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(tc.content), 0o644); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			got, err := ResolvConfNameservers(path)
-			if tc.wantErr {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Fatalf("ResolvConfNameservers() = %v, want an error", got)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("ResolvConfNameservers: %v", err)
-			}
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("nameservers mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDNSRelayCancelsUDPExchange(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayCancelsUDPExchange(t *testing.T) {
 	// A resolver that receives the query and never answers, so the exchange is
 	// blocked on the read when the context is canceled.
 	silent, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
@@ -101,7 +54,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayCancelsUDPExchange(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Two upstreams: a canceled exchange must not move on to the second.
 	second := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte { return query })
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{silent.LocalAddr().String(), second})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{silent.LocalAddr().String(), second})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -129,12 +82,12 @@ func TestDNSRelayCancelsUDPExchange(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayForwardsUDPVerbatim(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayForwardsUDPVerbatim(t *testing.T) {
 	upstream := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte {
 		return append([]byte{0xff}, query...)
 	})
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{upstream})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{upstream})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -150,7 +103,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayForwardsUDPVerbatim(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayFallsBackToTheNextResolver(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayFallsBackToTheNextResolver(t *testing.T) {
 	dead, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -160,7 +113,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayFallsBackToTheNextResolver(t *testing.T) {
 	dead.Close()
 
 	live := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte { return []byte("answered") })
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{deadAddress, live})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{deadAddress, live})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -174,12 +127,19 @@ func TestDNSRelayFallsBackToTheNextResolver(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestNewDNSRelayRejects(t *testing.T) {
-	if _, err := NewDNSRelay(nil); err == nil {
-		t.Error("NewDNSRelay(nil) succeeded; a relay with no upstream can answer nothing")
+func TestNewRelayRejects(t *testing.T) {
+	empty := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "resolv.conf")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(empty, nil, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if _, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{"10.96.0.10"}); err == nil {
-		t.Error("NewDNSRelay accepted an address with no port")
+	if _, err := NewRelay(empty); err == nil {
+		t.Error("NewRelay succeeded with an empty resolv.conf")
+	}
+	if _, err := NewRelayForUpstreams(nil); err == nil {
+		t.Error("NewRelayForUpstreams(nil) succeeded; a relay with no upstream can answer nothing")
+	}
+	if _, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{"10.96.0.10"}); err == nil {
+		t.Error("NewRelayForUpstreams accepted an address with no port")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +167,7 @@ func newFakeResolver(t *testing.T, respond func([]byte) []byte) string {
 }
 
 // serveRelayUDP runs the relay on a loopback socket and returns a connection to it.
-func serveRelayUDP(t *testing.T, relay *DNSRelay) net.Conn {
+func serveRelayUDP(t *testing.T, relay *Relay) net.Conn {
 	t.Helper()
 	pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -215,7 +175,7 @@ func serveRelayUDP(t *testing.T, relay *DNSRelay) net.Conn {
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	t.Cleanup(cancel)
-	go func() { _ = relay.ServePacket(ctx, pc) }()
+	go func() { _ = relay.servePacket(ctx, pc) }()
 
 	client, err := net.Dial("udp", pc.LocalAddr().String())
 	if err != nil {
@@ -238,7 +198,7 @@ func readWithin(t *testing.T, conn net.Conn) []byte {
 	return buf[:n]
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayForwardsAnswersLargerThanTheCommonBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayForwardsAnswersLargerThanTheCommonBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 9000
 	answer := make([]byte, size)
 	for i := range answer {
@@ -246,7 +206,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayForwardsAnswersLargerThanTheCommonBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	upstream := newFakeResolver(t, func([]byte) []byte { return answer })
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{upstream})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{upstream})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -264,7 +224,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayForwardsAnswersLargerThanTheCommonBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayDropsQueriesBeyondItsInFlightLimit(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayDropsQueriesBeyondItsInFlightLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	// Hold concurrent queries to exercise the relay's limit.
 	pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -291,7 +251,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayDropsQueriesBeyondItsInFlightLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{pc.LocalAddr().String()})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{pc.LocalAddr().String()})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -354,14 +314,14 @@ func newHeldTCPResolver(t *testing.T) (address string, accepted *atomic.Int64) {
 }
 
 // serveRelayTCP runs the relay's TCP side on a loopback listener.
-func serveRelayTCP(t *testing.T, relay *DNSRelay, ctx context.Context) net.Addr {
+func serveRelayTCP(t *testing.T, relay *Relay, ctx context.Context) net.Addr {
 	t.Helper()
 	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() { lis.Close() })
-	go func() { _ = relay.Serve(ctx, lis) }()
+	go func() { _ = relay.serveTCP(ctx, lis) }()
 	return lis.Addr()
 }
 
@@ -378,9 +338,9 @@ func waitFor(t *testing.T, what string, cond func() bool) {
 	t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for %s", what)
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayRefusesTCPConnectionsBeyondItsLimit(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayRefusesTCPConnectionsBeyondItsLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	upstream, held := newHeldTCPResolver(t)
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{upstream})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{upstream})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -414,9 +374,9 @@ func TestDNSRelayRefusesTCPConnectionsBeyondItsLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestDNSRelayClosesTCPConnectionsWhenServingEnds(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayClosesTCPConnectionsWhenServingEnds(t *testing.T) {
 	upstream, held := newHeldTCPResolver(t)
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{upstream})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{upstream})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -464,7 +424,7 @@ func dnsAnswer(query []byte, rcode byte) []byte {
 // A resolver that answers SERVFAIL has not answered the question, and the
 // sandbox can no longer consult the pod's other resolvers itself: it is given
 // the gateway as its only nameserver. The relay has to fail over for it.
-func TestDNSRelayFailsOverOnServerFailure(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayFailsOverOnServerFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	var sickCalls, healthyCalls atomic.Int32
 	sick := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte {
 		sickCalls.Add(1)
@@ -475,7 +435,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayFailsOverOnServerFailure(t *testing.T) {
 		return dnsAnswer(query, 0)
 	})
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{sick, healthy})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{sick, healthy})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -493,11 +453,11 @@ func TestDNSRelayFailsOverOnServerFailure(t *testing.T) {
 
 // With every resolver failing there is nothing better to return, and a real
 // SERVFAIL beats a timeout: the sandbox's resolver can act on it.
-func TestDNSRelayReturnsServerFailureWhenAllFail(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayReturnsServerFailureWhenAllFail(t *testing.T) {
 	first := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte { return dnsAnswer(query, rcodeServFail) })
 	second := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte { return dnsAnswer(query, rcodeRefused) })
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{first, second})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{first, second})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -512,7 +472,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayReturnsServerFailureWhenAllFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 // NXDOMAIN is an answer, not a failure: failing over would ask every resolver
 // about a name that does not exist.
-func TestDNSRelayReturnsNXDomainWithoutFailover(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRelayReturnsNXDomainWithoutFailover(t *testing.T) {
 	const rcodeNXDomain = 3
 	var secondCalls atomic.Int32
 	first := newFakeResolver(t, func(query []byte) []byte { return dnsAnswer(query, rcodeNXDomain) })
@@ -521,7 +481,7 @@ func TestDNSRelayReturnsNXDomainWithoutFailover(t *testing.T) {
 		return dnsAnswer(query, 0)
 	})
 
-	relay, err := NewDNSRelay([]string{first, second})
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{first, second})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf.go
index f33b68bbf..26f6fd805 100644
--- a/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf.go
@@ -17,14 +17,50 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 )
 
+// resolvConfNameservers reads nameservers from resolv.conf as "host:53".
+func resolvConfNameservers(path string) ([]string, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: reading resolv.conf: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	var out []string
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+		if i := strings.IndexAny(line, "#;"); i >= 0 {
+			line = strings.TrimSpace(line[:i])
+		}
+		rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, "nameserver")
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		address := strings.TrimSpace(rest)
+		if address == "" || net.ParseIP(address) == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, net.JoinHostPort(address, "53"))
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: reading resolv.conf: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("dns: %s names no usable nameserver", path)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 // SandboxResolvConf replaces the pod's nameservers with nameserver, the
 // address the sandbox's DNS is served on, while preserving the pod's search
 // domains and options for Kubernetes DNS.
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf_test.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf_test.go
index 68afa5660..edafe46c5 100644
--- a/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf_test.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/dns/resolvconf_test.go
@@ -23,6 +23,53 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 )
 
+func TestResolvConfNameservers(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name    string
+		content string
+		want    []string
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "cluster resolv.conf",
+			content: "search ate-system.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local\nnameserver 10.96.0.10\noptions ndots:5\n",
+			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "several, in order",
+			content: "nameserver 10.96.0.10\nnameserver 8.8.8.8\n",
+			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53", "8.8.8.8:53"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "comments and blanks",
+			content: "# generated\n\n  nameserver 10.96.0.10  # cluster\n;nameserver 1.1.1.1\n",
+			want:    []string{"10.96.0.10:53"},
+		},
+		{name: "no nameserver", content: "search cluster.local\n", wantErr: true},
+		{name: "unparsable address", content: "nameserver not-an-ip\n", wantErr: true},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "resolv.conf")
+			if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(tc.content), 0o644); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			got, err := resolvConfNameservers(path)
+			if tc.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("resolvConfNameservers() = %v, want an error", got)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("resolvConfNameservers: %v", err)
+			}
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("nameservers mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSandboxResolvConf(t *testing.T) {
 	// The shape kubelet writes into a pod.
 	pod := "nameserver 10.96.0.10\n" +
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b5c136d4..000000000
--- a/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-//go:build linux
-
-// Copyright 2026 Google LLC
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package dns
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"log/slog"
-	"net"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/ateomnet/netns"
-)
-
-// Server answers an actor's DNS. Satisfied by atunnel.DNSRelay; an interface
-// so this package does not depend on it.
-type Server interface {
-	ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error
-	Serve(ctx context.Context, listener net.Listener) error
-}
-
-// Serve serves UDP and TCP DNS in the sandbox's local gateway namespace.
-func Serve(ctx context.Context, relay Server, ns netns.Handle, port uint16) ([]io.Closer, []func(), error) {
-	// Bind the wildcard because the microVM tap's gateway address is added later.
-	address := net.JoinHostPort("0.0.0.0", strconv.Itoa(int(port)))
-
-	var packet net.PacketConn
-	var stream net.Listener
-	if err := netns.Do(ctx, ns, func(context.Context) error {
-		pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", address)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("while opening the actor DNS socket: %w", err)
-		}
-		packet = pc
-		l, err := net.Listen("tcp", address)
-		if err != nil {
-			_ = pc.Close()
-			return fmt.Errorf("while opening the actor DNS listener: %w", err)
-		}
-		stream = l
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Detached from the activation RPC's context but cancelable: the relay's
-	// capacity is the worker's, so teardown must drop queries still in flight.
-	serveCtx, stopServing := context.WithCancel(context.WithoutCancel(ctx))
-	serve := []func(){
-		func() {
-			if err := relay.ServePacket(serveCtx, packet); err != nil {
-				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Actor DNS socket stopped", slog.Any("err", err))
-			}
-		},
-		func() {
-			if err := relay.Serve(serveCtx, stream); err != nil {
-				slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Actor DNS listener stopped", slog.Any("err", err))
-			}
-		},
-	}
-	// Cancel first: closing the sockets alone leaves the queries already being
-	// resolved holding the relay.
-	closers := []io.Closer{closerFunc(func() error { stopServing(); return nil }), packet, stream}
-	return closers, serve, nil
-}
-
-// closerFunc adapts a cancel function to io.Closer, so a caller takes a
-// sandbox's sockets and the work behind them down as one list.
-type closerFunc func() error
-
-func (f closerFunc) Close() error { return f() }
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve_linux_test.go b/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve_linux_test.go
index 61c175d38..7573b0ed5 100644
--- a/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve_linux_test.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/dns/serve_linux_test.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package dns
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -26,21 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/roottest"
 )
 
-// stoppableDNS records that its serving contexts were canceled.
-type stoppableDNS struct{ packet, stream chan struct{} }
-
-func (d *stoppableDNS) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
-	<-ctx.Done()
-	close(d.packet)
-	return pc.Close()
-}
-
-func (d *stoppableDNS) Serve(ctx context.Context, l net.Listener) error {
-	<-ctx.Done()
-	close(d.stream)
-	return l.Close()
-}
-
 func TestClosingSandboxDNSStopsServing(t *testing.T) {
 	roottest.Require(t, "creates network namespaces")
 	const nsName = "dns-teardown-test"
@@ -53,26 +37,30 @@ func TestClosingSandboxDNSStopsServing(t *testing.T) {
 		_ = netns.RemoveNamed(nsName)
 	}()
 
-	relay := &stoppableDNS{packet: make(chan struct{}), stream: make(chan struct{})}
-	closers, serve, err := Serve(context.Background(), relay, ns, 53)
+	relay, err := NewRelayForUpstreams([]string{"127.0.0.1:53"})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+	closers, serve, err := relay.Serve(context.Background(), ns)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	stopped := make(chan struct{}, len(serve))
 	for _, fn := range serve {
-		go fn()
+		go func() {
+			fn()
+			stopped <- struct{}{}
+		}()
 	}
 	for _, c := range closers {
 		_ = c.Close()
 	}
 
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name    string
-		stopped chan struct{}
-	}{{"UDP", relay.packet}, {"TCP", relay.stream}} {
+	for range serve {
 		select {
-		case <-tc.stopped:
+		case <-stopped:
 		case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-			t.Errorf("%s serving outlived the sandbox's sockets", tc.name)
+			t.Fatal("DNS serving outlived the sandbox's sockets")
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/netns/doc.go b/internal/ateomnet/netns/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4d7bf5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/netns/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package netns contains Linux network namespace-related functionality.
+package netns
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/sandbox.go b/internal/ateomnet/sandbox.go
index c94422da3..83748d59a 100644
--- a/internal/ateomnet/sandbox.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/sandbox.go
@@ -68,9 +68,6 @@ type SandboxNetworkConfig struct {
 	// EgressPort is where atunnel serves this actor. Every TCP connection the
 	// actor makes is redirected to it, whatever port it was aimed at.
 	EgressPort uint16
-
-	// DNSPort is where the DNS relay answers, on the sandbox's default gateway.
-	DNSPort uint16
 }
 
 // SetupSandboxNetwork creates isolated networking with fixed sandbox addresses.
@@ -353,7 +350,7 @@ type SandboxSession struct {
 
 // ServeSandbox builds a sandbox's network and serves egress and DNS from its
 // gateway namespace. A nil server leaves that unserved, which fails closed.
-func ServeSandbox(ctx context.Context, cfg SandboxNetworkConfig, egress egressServer, resolver dns.Server) (_ *SandboxSession, retErr error) {
+func ServeSandbox(ctx context.Context, cfg SandboxNetworkConfig, egress egressServer, resolver *dns.Relay) (_ *SandboxSession, retErr error) {
 	network, err := SetupSandboxNetwork(ctx, cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -367,7 +364,7 @@ func ServeSandbox(ctx context.Context, cfg SandboxNetworkConfig, egress egressSe
 
 	var serve []func()
 	if resolver != nil {
-		closers, serveDNS, err := dns.Serve(ctx, resolver, network.GatewayNetNS, cfg.DNSPort)
+		closers, serveDNS, err := resolver.Serve(ctx, network.GatewayNetNS)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/internal/ateomnet/sandbox_linux_test.go b/internal/ateomnet/sandbox_linux_test.go
index a07414a3d..4a39ac9d1 100644
--- a/internal/ateomnet/sandbox_linux_test.go
+++ b/internal/ateomnet/sandbox_linux_test.go
@@ -338,31 +338,26 @@ func TestCleanupClosesEachDescriptorOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// slowDNS holds its serving goroutines open until released, so a test can tell
-// whether Close waits for them or merely closes their sockets.
-type slowDNS struct{ release chan struct{} }
+// slowEgress holds its serving goroutine open until released, so a test can
+// tell whether Close waits for serving to stop or merely closes the sockets.
+type slowEgress struct{ release chan struct{} }
 
-func (d *slowDNS) ServePacket(ctx context.Context, pc net.PacketConn) error {
-	<-ctx.Done()
-	<-d.release
-	return pc.Close()
-}
-
-func (d *slowDNS) Serve(ctx context.Context, l net.Listener) error {
-	<-ctx.Done()
-	<-d.release
-	return l.Close()
+func (e *slowEgress) Bind(string) (func(context.Context, net.Listener) error, error) {
+	return func(_ context.Context, l net.Listener) error {
+		<-e.release
+		return l.Close()
+	}, nil
 }
 
 // Close's contract is that serving has stopped when it returns, not just that
-// the sockets are shut: a caller tearing an actor down needs the relay's
+// the sockets are shut: a caller tearing an actor down needs the worker's
 // capacity back.
 func TestSessionCloseWaitsForServingToStop(t *testing.T) {
 	roottest.Require(t, "creates network namespaces")
-	relay := &slowDNS{release: make(chan struct{})}
+	egress := &slowEgress{release: make(chan struct{})}
 	session, err := ServeSandbox(context.Background(), SandboxNetworkConfig{
-		ActorUID: "close-waits", EgressPort: testEgressPort, DNSPort: 53,
-	}, nil, relay)
+		ActorUID: "close-waits", EgressPort: testEgressPort,
+	}, egress, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -371,11 +366,11 @@ func TestSessionCloseWaitsForServingToStop(t *testing.T) {
 	go func() { returned <- session.Close(context.Background()) }()
 	select {
 	case <-returned:
-		t.Fatal("Close returned while the relay was still serving")
+		t.Fatal("Close returned while the session was still serving")
 	case <-time.After(250 * time.Millisecond):
 	}
 
-	close(relay.release)
+	close(egress.release)
 	select {
 	case err := <-returned:
 		if err != nil {
@@ -391,11 +386,11 @@ func TestSessionCloseWaitsForServingToStop(t *testing.T) {
 // activation of this actor.
 func TestSessionCloseReportsAWaitItCouldNotFinish(t *testing.T) {
 	roottest.Require(t, "creates network namespaces")
-	relay := &slowDNS{release: make(chan struct{})}
-	defer close(relay.release)
+	egress := &slowEgress{release: make(chan struct{})}
+	defer close(egress.release)
 	session, err := ServeSandbox(context.Background(), SandboxNetworkConfig{
-		ActorUID: "close-deadline", EgressPort: testEgressPort, DNSPort: 53,
-	}, nil, relay)
+		ActorUID: "close-deadline", EgressPort: testEgressPort,
+	}, egress, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel.go b/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel.go
index cd83987a7..c434d65c3 100644
--- a/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel.go
+++ b/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/ateomnet/dns"
 	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/atunnel"
 	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/installdefaults"
 	"github.com/agent-substrate/substrate/internal/nodepath"
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ type Tunnel struct {
 	// actor network's transparent TCP redirect.
 	EgressPort uint16
 	// DNSRelay answers the sandbox's DNS from inside its own namespace.
-	DNSRelay *atunnel.DNSRelay
+	DNSRelay *dns.Relay
 
 	cfg Config
 }
@@ -107,18 +108,13 @@ func Start(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, upstream string) (*Tunnel, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("while parsing atunnel upstream: %w", err)
 	}
-	// The pod's own resolvers, so an actor resolves exactly what the worker
-	// resolves, cluster DNS included.
-	nameservers, err := atunnel.ResolvConfNameservers(resolvConfPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("while reading the worker pod resolvers: %w", err)
-	}
-	dnsRelay, err := atunnel.NewDNSRelay(nameservers)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("while building the actor DNS relay: %w", err)
-	}
-	slog.InfoContext(ctx, "Actor DNS relay ready", slog.Any("upstreams", nameservers))
 
+	dnsRelay, err := dns.NewRelay(resolvConfPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("configuring DNS relay: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Ingress
 	ingress, err := atunnel.NewServer(atunnel.Config{
 		CredentialBundlePath: cfg.CredentialBundle,
 		TrustBundlePath:      cfg.TrustBundle,
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ func Start(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, upstream string) (*Tunnel, error) {
 		Upstream:             upstreamURL,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("while configuring atunnel: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("configuring ingress: %w", err)
 	}
 	if err := serve(ctx, "atunnel", cfg.ListenAddress, ingress.Serve); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -135,15 +131,23 @@ func Start(ctx context.Context, cfg Config, upstream string) (*Tunnel, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Egress
 	egress, err := atunnel.NewEgress(atunnel.TCPOriginalDestination)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("while configuring atunnel egress: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("configuring egress: %w", err)
 	}
 	egressPort, err := atunnel.EgressPort(cfg.EgressListenAddress)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &Tunnel{Ingress: ingress, Egress: egress, EgressPort: egressPort, DNSRelay: dnsRelay, cfg: cfg}, nil
+
+	return &Tunnel{
+			Ingress:    ingress,
+			Egress:     egress,
+			EgressPort: egressPort,
+			DNSRelay:   dnsRelay,
+			cfg:        cfg},
+		nil
 }
 
 // serve listens on address and runs serveFn on it, exiting the process if it
diff --git a/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel_test.go b/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel_test.go
index bf432e7c8..7f9954a31 100644
--- a/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel_test.go
+++ b/internal/ateomtunnel/ateomtunnel_test.go
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func TestStartErrors(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for name, tc := range map[string]struct {
 		edit    func(t *testing.T, cfg *Config)
-		wantErr string
+		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		"no resolvers": {
 			edit: func(t *testing.T, _ *Config) {
@@ -208,23 +208,23 @@ func TestStartErrors(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 				resolvConfPath = empty
 			},
-			wantErr: "worker pod resolvers",
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 		"missing credentials": {
 			edit:    func(t *testing.T, cfg *Config) { cfg.CredentialBundle = filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "absent.pem") },
-			wantErr: "while configuring atunnel",
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 		"ingress address in use": {
 			edit:    func(_ *testing.T, cfg *Config) { cfg.ListenAddress = inUse.Addr().String() },
-			wantErr: "while opening atunnel listener",
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 		"CONNECT address in use": {
 			edit:    func(_ *testing.T, cfg *Config) { cfg.ConnectListenAddress = inUse.Addr().String() },
-			wantErr: "while opening atunnel CONNECT listener",
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 		"egress address without a port": {
 			edit:    func(_ *testing.T, cfg *Config) { cfg.EgressListenAddress = "0.0.0.0" },
-			wantErr: "egress listen address",
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -233,16 +233,16 @@ func TestStartErrors(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 			defer cancel()
 			_, err := Start(ctx, cfg, "http://169.254.17.2:80")
-			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantErr) {
-				t.Fatalf("Start error = %v, want one containing %q", err, tc.wantErr)
+			if (err != nil) != tc.wantErr {
+				t.Fatalf("Start error = %v, wantErr = %v", err, tc.wantErr)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 
 	t.Run("bad upstream", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := Start(context.Background(), testConfig(t), "http://[::1")
-		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "atunnel upstream") {
-			t.Fatalf("Start error = %v, want an upstream error", err)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Start error = %v, want an error", err)
 		}
 	})
 }