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scriptc/docs/content/limitations/array-bounds-and-runtime-errors.mdx
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Chris Tate 2b6f15c7fa Answer undefined for missing Record and index-signature keys
A keyed or dot read of an index signature that misses now answers
undefined, as in Node, instead of aborting with "record has no key".
The read carries an explicit optional value through the same analysis
that already widens bindings, parameters, returns and fields for missing
array elements; TypeScript's static types are unchanged. Numeric reads
whose consumers treat undefined like NaN lower to plain doubles, and
nested reads and writes through a missing entry throw Node's TypeError.

Fixes #964
Co-authored-by: Quim T. <26749475+espetro@users.noreply.github.com>
2026-10-17 19:35:34 -05:00

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Typed-array reads at an index that is not an integer in the array's range return `undefined`, as in Node.js, and invalid numeric indexed writes are ignored, while the assignment expression retains its original value. A non-null assertion on such a read (`bytes[i]!`) yields `NaN` instead of `undefined`.
Ordinary arrays track holes separately from present `undefined` values. Missing reads and empty `pop()`/`shift()` return `undefined`, indexed writes can grow the array, and length growth creates holes.
Keyed reads of a `Record` or an index signature return `undefined` for a missing key, as in Node.js, with or without `noUncheckedIndexedAccess`. A missing array element or key that reaches storage that cannot hold `undefined`, such as a class field typed `number`, throws a `TypeError`.
Runtime traps cannot be caught. User-thrown values and supported exceptions, including JSON parse, checked-cast, filesystem, regex, and `String.prototype.repeat` count errors, can be caught; hard traps such as out-of-range reads of statically typed ordinary arrays terminate the process.
Deep recursion in Linux and macOS executables throws Node's catchable `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded`, on the main thread, in worker threads, and inside async functions and generators. The depth at which it is thrown differs from Node: the main thread uses the process stack limit (usually 8 MiB), worker threads get an 8 MiB stack, and async functions and generators run on 512 KiB stacks, so native code usually recurses deeper than Node on threads and somewhat less deeply inside async bodies. Recursion inside runtime library operations, such as serializing deeply nested data, is not checked. Windows executables, WASI builds and library builds do not check the stack, and exhausting it there terminates the process.