diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-descriptors.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-descriptors.ts
index cb980f0d0..0b807e450 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-descriptors.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-descriptors.ts
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ export function lowerClassDataDescriptor(
 
 function descriptorGuard(lowerer: Lowerer, info: ClassInfo, loc: SrcLoc): string {
   const name = `%descriptorGuard:${info.def.name}`;
-  const existing = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === name);
+  const existing = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(name);
   const key = varRef("key", DYN, loc);
   const fields = new Set<string>();
   const collect = (owner: ClassInfo): void => {
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.test.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.test.ts
index 1c5c84cdf..dfb8bd7a5 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.test.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.test.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ function context() {
     unions: new Map(),
     classes: new Map(),
     liftedFns,
+    liftedFnNamed: (name: string | undefined) => liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === name),
+    subclassLinks: 0,
+    constructedClassCount: () => -1,
     diags: [],
     prototypeMethodAccesses: new Map(),
     protocolDispatches: new Map(),
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.ts
index cb5c28444..d9ef0de62 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-dynamic-dispatch.ts
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ function readOnlyBagBody(body: IrStmt[], orEmpty = false): IrStmt[] {
 
 export function classPropertiesHelper(lowerer: Lowerer, loc: SrcLoc, readOnly = false): IrFunction {
   const name = readOnly ? READ_PROPERTIES : "%dyn.class.properties";
-  const existing = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === name);
+  const existing = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(name);
   if (existing) return existing;
   const helper: IrFunction = {
     name,
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
         const loc = this.propertyBag.loc;
         const method = classMethodValue(lowerer, info.decl, info, "toJSON", loc);
         const prototype = method ? classPrototypeData(lowerer, info, loc) : null;
-        const helper = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === info.def.prototypeDataHelper);
+        const helper = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(info.def.prototypeDataHelper);
         const init = helper?.body[0];
         if (
           !info.prototypeReflectionReady &&
@@ -1236,6 +1236,15 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
       byMethod.set(method, matching);
       return matching;
     };
+    const candidateSets = new Map<string, ReadonlySet<ClassInfo>>();
+    const candidateSet = (method: string): ReadonlySet<ClassInfo> => {
+      let set = candidateSets.get(method);
+      if (!set) {
+        set = new Set(candidates(method));
+        candidateSets.set(method, set);
+      }
+      return set;
+    };
     for (const fn of functions) {
       // Discovery already visits every expression. Preserve bodies without
       // dispatch sites instead of rebuilding their entire typed IR tree on
@@ -2220,16 +2229,16 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
             : expr.kind === "dynInvoke"
               ? expr
               : null;
-          const staticCandidates =
-            invoke &&
+          // Static methods matter only for methods no instance answers.
+          const staticCandidates = (method: string): boolean =>
             [...this.boxedConstructors].some((name) => {
               const info = lowerer.classes.get(name);
-              return info && findStaticOn(lowerer, info, invoke.method)?.method;
+              return info && findStaticOn(lowerer, info, method)?.method;
             });
           if (
             !invoke ||
             (candidates(invoke.method).length === 0 &&
-              !staticCandidates &&
+              !staticCandidates(invoke.method) &&
               !(invoke.method === "toString" && lowerer.classes.has("%Error")))
           )
             return expr;
@@ -2501,10 +2510,13 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
         });
         changed = true;
       }
-      for (const plan of this.propertyReceivers(lowerer, true)) {
+      // Compute the candidates where the first plan would have, so the
+      // memoized set is the same whichever plans are already answered.
+      const plans = this.propertyReceivers(lowerer, true);
+      const matching = plans.length ? candidateSet(dispatch.source.method) : null;
+      for (const plan of plans) {
         const { info } = plan;
-        if (!candidates(dispatch.source.method).includes(info) || dispatch.classes.has(plan.key))
-          continue;
+        if (dispatch.classes.has(plan.key) || !matching!.has(info)) continue;
         dispatch.classes.add(plan.key);
         const loc = dispatch.source.loc;
         const value = varRef("p.0", DYN, loc);
@@ -2648,7 +2660,7 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
         if (
           plan.info !== plan.capsule ||
           dispatch.classes.has(plan.key) ||
-          (!dispatch.field && !candidates(dispatch.method).includes(plan.info))
+          (!dispatch.field && !candidateSet(dispatch.method).has(plan.info))
         )
           continue;
         dispatch.classes.add(plan.key);
@@ -2738,6 +2750,8 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
         }
       for (const plan of this.propertyReceivers(lowerer, true)) {
         const { info } = plan;
+        // Classes answered in an earlier pass skip the member lookups.
+        if (dispatch.classes.has(plan.key)) continue;
         if (
           !isClassOwnEnumerableFieldName(dispatch.name) ||
           (!(info.builtinStream !== undefined && streamProperty(dispatch.name)) &&
@@ -2751,7 +2765,6 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
             !findMethodOn(lowerer, info, `set:${dispatch.name}`))
         )
           continue;
-        if (dispatch.classes.has(plan.key)) continue;
         dispatch.classes.add(plan.key);
         const loc = dispatch.fn.loc;
         const { receiver, condition } = this.propertyReceiver(plan, loc);
@@ -3310,7 +3323,7 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
     loc: SrcLoc,
   ): IrExpr {
     const name = fn === "dyn.hasKey" ? "%dyn.class.bagHas" : "%dyn.class.bagHasComputed";
-    let helper = lowerer.liftedFns.find((item) => item.name === name);
+    let helper = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(name);
     if (!helper) {
       const keyType = fn === "dyn.hasKey" ? STRING : DYN;
       const value = varRef("p.0", DYN, loc);
@@ -3907,7 +3920,7 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
   private readPropertyBagOrEmpty(lowerer: Lowerer, receiver: IrExpr, loc: SrcLoc): IrExpr {
     // One call per read site: large JS programs have a branch per class and
     // property, so the absent-bag handling lives in the shared helper.
-    let helper = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === READ_PROPERTIES_OR_EMPTY);
+    let helper = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(READ_PROPERTIES_OR_EMPTY);
     if (!helper) {
       // Settled by finalize; until then, the read-only bag's own dispatch.
       helper = {
@@ -4256,17 +4269,38 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
     add(root);
   }
 
+  /** propertyReceivers results by mode, with the class graph they were
+   * computed from: the boxed classes, the registered classes, the subclass
+   * links and the constructed classes only grow, so equal counts and the
+   * same capsules give the same plans. */
+  private readonly receiverPlans = new Map<
+    string,
+    { revision: string; capsules: (ClassInfo | undefined)[]; plans: readonly PropertyReceiver[] }
+  >();
+
   /** A capsule retains its static type, while its object may be a subclass.
    * Preorder insertion lets later branches test the most derived layout first. */
   private propertyReceivers(
     lowerer: Lowerer,
     streams = false,
     normalize = true,
-  ): PropertyReceiver[] {
+  ): readonly PropertyReceiver[] {
+    const mode = `${streams}:${normalize}`;
+    const revision = `${this.boxed.size}:${lowerer.classes.size}:${lowerer.subclassLinks}:${lowerer.constructedClassCount()}`;
+    const cached = this.receiverPlans.get(mode);
+    if (cached?.revision === revision) {
+      let i = 0;
+      let same = true;
+      for (const name of this.boxed)
+        if (lowerer.classes.get(name) !== cached.capsules[i++]) same = false;
+      if (same) return cached.plans;
+    }
+    const capsules: (ClassInfo | undefined)[] = [];
     const plans: PropertyReceiver[] = [];
     const seen = new Set<string>();
     for (const name of this.boxed) {
       const capsule = lowerer.classes.get(name);
+      capsules.push(capsule);
       if (
         !capsule ||
         ((capsule.builtinEmitter || capsule.builtinStream) && !streams) ||
@@ -4275,10 +4309,10 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
         continue;
       const canonical = normalize && !capsule.builtinStream && !capsule.builtinEmitter;
       const visit = (info: ClassInfo): void => {
-        if (
-          (!canonical || !seen.has(info.def.name)) &&
-          (info === capsule || lowerer.classCanBeConstructed(info))
-        ) {
+        // A seen class was visited with its whole subtree, and a canonical
+        // visit adds no plan for a seen class.
+        if (canonical && seen.has(info.def.name)) return;
+        if (info === capsule || lowerer.classCanBeConstructed(info)) {
           seen.add(info.def.name);
           plans.push({
             info,
@@ -4290,6 +4324,7 @@ export class ClassDynamicDispatch {
       };
       visit(capsule);
     }
+    this.receiverPlans.set(mode, { revision, capsules, plans });
     return plans;
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-method-values.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-method-values.ts
index 1197d9bdd..6e8256513 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-method-values.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-method-values.ts
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ function reflectedMethodValue(
       );
     }
     if (value.kind === "closure" && value.captures.length === 0) {
-      const body = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === value.fnName);
+      const body = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(value.fnName);
       if (body?.captures?.length === 0) delete body.captures;
     }
     const cache = staticMethod
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-prototypes.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-prototypes.ts
index 7b4b58ae3..d2919e202 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-prototypes.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/class-prototypes.ts
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ export function classPrototypeData(
   }
   if (!metadataOnly && !info.prototypeObservedMethodsReady) {
     info.prototypeObservedMethodsReady = true;
-    const helper = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === info.def.prototypeDataHelper)!;
+    const helper = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(info.def.prototypeDataHelper)!;
     const value = varRef(`%g.${info.def.prototypeDataHelper}`, DYN, loc);
     // Materialize only observed method slots. Own declarations stop lookup
     // at the correct prototype even if an ancestor is replaced later. An
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ export function reflectClassPrototype(
     if (info.base.prototypeReflectionRefusal)
       return refuse("prototype reflection with this base class is not supported yet");
   }
-  const helper = lowerer.liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === info.def.prototypeDataHelper);
+  const helper = lowerer.liftedFnNamed(info.def.prototypeDataHelper);
   const initialization = helper?.body[0];
   if (!helper || initialization?.kind !== "if" || info.prototypeReflectionReady) return prototype;
   info.prototypeReflectionReady = true;
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-classes.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-classes.ts
index 371541df8..f312e9229 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-classes.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-classes.ts
@@ -946,7 +946,10 @@ export function registerBuiltinErrorClasses(lowerer: Lowerer): void {
       throwingSetters: [],
       staticFields: [],
     };
-    if (base) base.subclasses.push(info);
+    if (base) {
+      base.subclasses.push(info);
+      lowerer.subclassLinks++;
+    }
     lowerer.classes.set(irName, info);
   }
 }
@@ -1026,7 +1029,10 @@ export function registerBuiltinStreamClasses(lowerer: Lowerer): void {
       throwingSetters: [],
       staticFields: [],
     };
-    if (base) base.subclasses.push(info);
+    if (base) {
+      base.subclasses.push(info);
+      lowerer.subclassLinks++;
+    }
     lowerer.classes.set(irName, info);
   }
 }
@@ -4471,7 +4477,10 @@ export function collectClassShapeInner(
       };
       lowerer.genericClassByDecl.set(decl, info.generic);
     }
-    if (base) base.subclasses.push(info);
+    if (base) {
+      base.subclasses.push(info);
+      lowerer.subclassLinks++;
+    }
     lowerer.classes.set(className, info);
     if (computedBase && !functionLocalClass(decl)) {
       info.def.baseValueGlobal = `%g.${className}.computedBase`;
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lowerer.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lowerer.ts
index 543149f83..be5db5cc6 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lowerer.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lowerer.ts
@@ -3042,6 +3042,10 @@ export class Lowerer {
   // top level, top = the innermost nested function currently lowering).
   fnStack: FnCtx[] = [];
   readonly liftedFns: IrFunction[] = [];
+  /** The first lifted function of each name (liftedFnNamed), for the
+   * liftedFns indexed so far. liftedFns only grows. */
+  private readonly liftedFnsByName = new Map<string, IrFunction>();
+  private liftedFnsIndexed = 0;
   /** Runtime-provided classes used as values (defineClassValueConstruct),
    * by IR class name. */
   readonly runtimeClassValues = new Map<string, ClassInfo>();
@@ -3113,6 +3117,10 @@ export class Lowerer {
    * can contain any retained descendant, but importing its declaration
    * alone does not make every descendant constructible. */
   private constructedClasses: Set<string> | null = null;
+  /** Classes added to some ClassInfo's subclasses (lower-classes.ts). With
+   * the class and constructed-class counts, it tells caches over the class
+   * graph when the graph changed. */
+  subclassLinks = 0;
   /** Set while a subclass constructor's super() call notes its base
    * constructor edge: that edge does not instantiate the base exactly. */
   private superConstructorEdge = false;
@@ -3129,6 +3137,20 @@ export class Lowerer {
       info.mixinInstance !== undefined
     );
   }
+  /** How many classes classCanBeConstructed admits by name, or -1 while
+   * it admits every class. The count only grows. */
+  constructedClassCount(): number {
+    return this.constructedClasses?.size ?? -1;
+  }
+  /** The first lifted function named `name`, the one
+   * `liftedFns.find((fn) => fn.name === name)` returns. */
+  liftedFnNamed(name: string | undefined): IrFunction | undefined {
+    for (; this.liftedFnsIndexed < this.liftedFns.length; this.liftedFnsIndexed++) {
+      const fn = this.liftedFns[this.liftedFnsIndexed]!;
+      if (!this.liftedFnsByName.has(fn.name)) this.liftedFnsByName.set(fn.name, fn);
+    }
+    return name === undefined ? undefined : this.liftedFnsByName.get(name);
+  }
   /** Coverage remainder mode: the reachability gate inverts (see wantBody)
    * and no module is built. */
   readonly remainder: boolean;