diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/coercions/fresh-spread.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/coercions/fresh-spread.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..656ac3ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/coercions/fresh-spread.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/* Array spreads whose elements nothing else can reach. */
+import * as ts from "../../ts7/adapter.js";
+import type { IrExpr, IrType, SrcLoc } from "../../../ir/ir.js";
+import type { Lowerer } from "../lowerer.js";
+
+/** Whether the elements a spread inserts are reachable only through it: an
+ * array literal (`...(cond ? [{ ... }] : [])`), or an unexported const
+ * initialized by one that this spread is the only reference to, and that
+ * the spread reads at most once per evaluation of the initializer. Converting such elements
+ * into the destination's element layout copies them, which nothing can
+ * observe. */
+export function freshSpreadSource(lowerer: Lowerer, node: ts.Expression): boolean {
+  let e = node;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(e)) e = e.expression;
+  if (ts.isArrayLiteralExpression(e))
+    return e.elements.nodes.every(
+      (x) => !ts.isSpreadElement(x) && (ts.isObjectLiteralExpression(x) || !isReference(x)),
+    );
+  if (ts.isConditionalExpression(e))
+    return freshSpreadSource(lowerer, e.whenTrue) && freshSpreadSource(lowerer, e.whenFalse);
+  if (!ts.isIdentifier(e)) return false;
+  const symbol = lowerer.resolveValueSymbol(e);
+  const decl = symbol?.valueDeclaration;
+  if (!symbol || !decl || !ts.isVariableDeclaration(decl) || !decl.initializer) return false;
+  const list = decl.parent;
+  if (!ts.isVariableDeclarationList(list) || (list.flags & ts.NodeFlags.Const) === 0) return false;
+  // Other modules can import an exported binding and reach its elements.
+  const statement = list.parent;
+  if (
+    ts.isVariableStatement(statement) &&
+    statement.modifiers?.nodes.some((m) => m.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword)
+  )
+    return false;
+  if (!freshSpreadSource(lowerer, decl.initializer)) return false;
+  // The binding's only use is this spread; an export specifier naming it
+  // (`export { name }`) is another.
+  let scope: ts.Node = list;
+  while (scope.parent && !ts.isBlock(scope) && !ts.isSourceFile(scope)) scope = scope.parent;
+  let uses = 0;
+  const visit = (n: ts.Node): void => {
+    if (uses > 1) return;
+    if (ts.isExportSpecifier(n) && (n.propertyName ?? n.name).text === e.text) {
+      uses = 2;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (ts.isIdentifier(n) && n !== decl.name && n.text === e.text) {
+      if (lowerer.resolveValueSymbol(n) === symbol) uses++;
+    }
+    ts.forEachChild(n, visit);
+  };
+  visit(scope);
+  return uses === 1 && runsOnceInScope(node, scope);
+}
+
+/** Whether `node` runs at most once each time `scope` runs: no loop body,
+ * loop test or update, function, or class field initializer lies between
+ * them. A spread that runs again inserts the same elements again, and
+ * copies would no longer be the same objects. */
+function runsOnceInScope(node: ts.Node, scope: ts.Node): boolean {
+  let child = node;
+  for (let n = node.parent; n && n !== scope; child = n, n = n.parent) {
+    if (ts.isFunctionLike(n) || ts.isPropertyDeclaration(n)) return false;
+    if (ts.isForOfStatement(n) || ts.isForInStatement(n)) {
+      if (child !== n.expression) return false;
+    } else if (ts.isForStatement(n)) {
+      if (child !== n.initializer) return false;
+    } else if (ts.isWhileStatement(n) || ts.isDoStatement(n)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+function isReference(e: ts.Expression): boolean {
+  return !(
+    ts.isStringLiteral(e) ||
+    ts.isNumericLiteral(e) ||
+    e.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword ||
+    e.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword ||
+    e.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.NullKeyword
+  );
+}
+
+/** A fresh array spread converted into the destination's array layout by
+ * the structural width lift, or null when the layouts do not lift. */
+export function liftedFreshSpread(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  node: ts.Expression,
+  source: IrExpr,
+  arrType: IrType,
+  loc: SrcLoc,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  if (source.type.kind !== "array" || arrType.kind !== "array") return null;
+  if (!freshSpreadSource(lowerer, node)) return null;
+  const lift = lowerer.widthLiftPlan(source.type, arrType);
+  return lift ? lowerer.applyWidthLift(lift, source, arrType, loc) : null;
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-construction.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-construction.ts
index 53d46d00d..83a184400 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-construction.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-construction.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { generatorDrain } from "../iterator-adapters.js";
 import { identityPreservingWidening } from "../coercions/identity.js";
+import { liftedFreshSpread } from "../coercions/fresh-spread.js";
 import { InternalCompilerError } from "../../../errors.js";
 import {
   dynUndefinedExpr,
@@ -142,6 +143,16 @@ export function lowerArraySpreadItems(
       if (source.type.kind === "record" && lowerer.shapes.get(source.type.shapeId)?.tuple) {
         source = lowerer.widthCoerce(source, arrType) ?? source;
       }
+      if (
+        !typeEquals(source.type, arrType) &&
+        !(
+          source.type.kind === "array" &&
+          identityPreservingWidening(lowerer, source.type.elem, elem)
+        )
+      ) {
+        // Fresh elements (an array literal) convert into the element layout.
+        source = liftedFreshSpread(lowerer, node.expression, source, arrType, loc) ?? source;
+      }
       if (!typeEquals(source.type, arrType)) {
         if (
           source.type.kind !== "array" ||
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-methods.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-methods.ts
index 12078720e..e9a130a2d 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-methods.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/containers/array-methods.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { liftedFreshSpread } from "../coercions/fresh-spread.js";
 import { lowerArrayIteratorValue } from "../iterator-adapters.js";
 import { identityPreservingWidening } from "../coercions/identity.js";
 import { arrayConcatHelper } from "./array-concat.js";
@@ -793,6 +794,10 @@ export function lowerArrayMethodCall(
           loc,
         };
       }
+      if (!typeEquals(src.type, receiverIr)) {
+        // Fresh elements (an array literal) convert into the element layout.
+        src = liftedFreshSpread(lowerer, spreadArg.expression, src, receiverIr, loc) ?? src;
+      }
       if (!typeEquals(src.type, receiverIr)) {
         lowerer.unsupported(
           "SC1090",
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/relational.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/relational.ts
index f8b8c7604..5b9d05414 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/relational.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/relational.ts
@@ -1380,6 +1380,24 @@ export function lowerInExpression(
   if (key === "code" && isExecExceptionType(lowerer, lowerer.typeOf(expr.right))) {
     refuseExecExceptionCode(lowerer, expr);
   }
+  // A literal key that names no declared member of an index-signature
+  // record (`"id" in match.groups`): the same keyed presence probe a
+  // runtime key takes — declared fields by name, then the overflow keys.
+  {
+    const recvT = lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(expr.right));
+    const shape = recvT?.kind === "record" ? lowerer.shapes.get(recvT.shapeId) : undefined;
+    if (
+      shape?.indexValue &&
+      !shape.tuple &&
+      !OBJECT_PROTOTYPE_KEYS.has(key) &&
+      !shape.fields.some(
+        (f) => f.name === key || f.name === `%get:${key}` || f.name === `%set:${key}`,
+      )
+    ) {
+      const probed = lowerRuntimeKeyIn(lowerer, expr, loc);
+      if (probed) return probed;
+    }
+  }
   let recv = lowerer.lowerExpr(expr.right);
   const classInfo =
     recv.type.kind === "classval" ? lowerer.classes.get(recv.type.className) : undefined;
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
index efa2813f1..6a3d92c22 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
@@ -5501,7 +5501,29 @@ export function lowerVarDecl(
   // `let` may be reassigned a different shape later; genuine `any`
   // only — every other unmappable keeps its own diagnostic.
   const checkerAny = (lowerer.typeOf(decl.name).flags & ts.TypeFlags.Any) !== 0;
+  // An annotation the checker could not resolve (a package type alias that
+  // reads as `any`) over an empty object literal: the binding is a
+  // dictionary the code fills by key (`files[name] = entry`), which the
+  // empty struct the literal would adopt cannot hold. It holds the
+  // checked-dynamic object instead.
+  let emptyAnyDictionary = false;
+  if (checkerAny && decl.type && !isLet && init.type.kind === "record") {
+    let lit: ts.Expression = decl.initializer;
+    while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(lit)) lit = lit.expression;
+    const shape = lowerer.shapes.get(init.type.shapeId);
+    if (
+      ts.isObjectLiteralExpression(lit) &&
+      lit.properties.nodes.length === 0 &&
+      shape &&
+      shape.fields.length === 0 &&
+      !shape.indexValue
+    ) {
+      type = DYN;
+      emptyAnyDictionary = true;
+    }
+  }
   if (
+    !emptyAnyDictionary &&
     (type === null || (type.kind === "dyn" && checkerAny)) &&
     !isLet &&
     (checkerAny ||
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c030a0076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e3775faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8925564a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2dd42cd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/items.ts",
+  "<repo>/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb4b2f25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts b/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5866c3ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/corpus/6476-in-literal-key-index-records.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// `"k" in record` with a literal key over an index-signature record (a
+// match's named groups, a dictionary) answers the record's own keys.
+function source(header: string): string | undefined {
+  const result = /^x-meta-source: (?<id>dpl_.*)/m.exec(header);
+  if (result?.groups && "id" in result.groups) {
+    return result.groups.id;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+console.log(source("x-meta-source: dpl_123\nother: 1"), source("nothing"));
+const both = /(?<key>\w+)=(?<value>\w*)/.exec("mode=fast");
+if (both?.groups) {
+  console.log("key" in both.groups, "value" in both.groups, "other" in both.groups);
+}
+const dict: Record<string, number> = { a: 1 };
+dict["late"] = 2;
+delete dict["a"];
+console.log("a" in dict, "late" in dict, "missing" in dict, "toString" in dict);
diff --git a/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts b/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ce4f87d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/corpus/6477-fresh-array-spread-insertion.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Spreading a fresh array literal whose elements are typed by their own
+// literal (an omitted member reads `undefined`) into an array of the
+// declared element type converts the elements; nothing else can reach
+// them.
+type Result = { message: string; file: { path: string } | undefined; noisy: boolean };
+const results: Result[] = [{ message: "first", file: { path: "/a" }, noisy: false }];
+const spam = results.length > 0 ? [{ message: "spam", file: undefined, noisy: true }] : [];
+const more: Result[] = [{ message: "m", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+results.unshift(...spam, ...more);
+const tail = results.length > 5 ? [] : [{ message: "tail", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+results.push(...tail);
+console.log(results.map((r) => `${r.message}:${r.file?.path ?? "-"}:${r.noisy}`).join(" "));
+console.log(JSON.stringify(results[1]));
+// A const declared in the loop body is a new array on every iteration.
+for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+  const step = [{ message: `step${i}`, file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+  results.push(...step);
+}
+console.log(results.map((r) => r.message).join(" "), results[results.length - 1] === results[results.length - 2]);
diff --git a/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts b/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a66f0662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/corpus/6478-any-annotated-dictionary.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// A binding annotated with a type the checker reads as `any`, initialized
+// with an empty object literal, is a dictionary the code fills by key.
+class Ref {
+  digest: string;
+  constructor(digest: string) {
+    this.digest = digest;
+  }
+}
+class Blob {
+  data: string;
+  constructor(data: string) {
+    this.data = data;
+  }
+}
+function collect(entries: { name: string; sha?: string }[]): unknown {
+  const files: any = {};
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    files[entry.name] = entry.sha ? new Ref(`sha:${entry.sha}`) : new Blob("");
+  }
+  files["count"] = entries.length;
+  return files;
+}
+const out = collect([{ name: "a.txt", sha: "abc" }, { name: "dir" }]) as Record<string, unknown>;
+console.log(Object.keys(out), out["a.txt"] instanceof Ref, out["dir"] instanceof Blob, out["count"]);
diff --git a/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/items.ts b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/items.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd1574ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/items.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Exported consts: the importing module reaches their elements, so the
+// spreads here keep the element-layout refusal. Copying the elements
+// would hide main.ts's write from `results`.
+export type Result = { message: string; file: { path: string } | undefined; noisy: boolean };
+export const results: Result[] = [];
+export const shared = [{ message: "shared", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+results.push(...shared);
+const listed = [{ message: "listed", file: undefined, noisy: true }];
+export { listed };
+results.unshift(...listed);
diff --git a/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd2090acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// An exported const array spread once in its own module: in Node, writes
+// through the importer's binding show in the array the spread filled.
+import { listed, results, shared } from "./items.js";
+shared[0].message = "changed";
+listed[0].noisy = false;
+console.log(results.map((r) => `${r.message}:${r.noisy}`).join(" "));
diff --git a/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b1a6d341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/diagnostics/fresh-spread-repeated.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// A const array spread that runs more than once per evaluation of its
+// initializer inserts the same elements each time: in a loop body or in a
+// function, `results[1] === results[2]` holds in Node. Converting the
+// elements into the destination's layout would copy them on each run, so
+// these spreads keep the element-layout refusal.
+type Result = { message: string; file: { path: string } | undefined; noisy: boolean };
+const results: Result[] = [];
+const looped = [{ message: "loop", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) results.push(...looped);
+const called = [{ message: "call", file: undefined, noisy: true }];
+function addCalled(): void {
+  results.unshift(...called);
+}
+addCalled();
+addCalled();
+console.log(results.length, results[0] === results[1]);
diff --git a/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.txt b/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..935da2e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-exported/main.ts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+fresh-spread-exported/items.ts:7:14 - error SC1090: pushing a spread of '{ file: null | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' onto a '{ file: { path: string } | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' array (only a same-element-type array spreads) is not supported yet
+
+  6 | export const shared = [{ message: "shared", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+  7 | results.push(...shared);
+    |              ^~~~~~~~~
+  8 | const listed = [{ message: "listed", file: undefined, noisy: true }];
+
+fresh-spread-exported/items.ts:10:17 - error SC1090: unshifting a spread of '{ file: null | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' onto a '{ file: { path: string } | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' array (only a same-element-type array spreads) is not supported yet
+
+   9 | export { listed };
+  10 | results.unshift(...listed);
+     |                 ^~~~~~~~~
+  11 | 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.txt b/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6fef3aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/harness/__snapshots__/fresh-spread-repeated.ts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+fresh-spread-repeated.ts:9:42 - error SC1090: pushing a spread of '{ file: null | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' onto a '{ file: { path: string } | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' array (only a same-element-type array spreads) is not supported yet
+
+   8 | const looped = [{ message: "loop", file: undefined, noisy: false }];
+   9 | for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) results.push(...looped);
+     |                                          ^~~~~~~~~
+  10 | const called = [{ message: "call", file: undefined, noisy: true }];
+
+fresh-spread-repeated.ts:12:19 - error SC1090: unshifting a spread of '{ file: null | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' onto a '{ file: { path: string } | undefined; message: string; noisy: boolean }[]' array (only a same-element-type array spreads) is not supported yet
+
+  11 | function addCalled(): void {
+  12 |   results.unshift(...called);
+     |                   ^~~~~~~~~
+  13 | }
\ No newline at end of file