diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/dense-array-access.ts b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/dense-array-access.ts
index fabe70f37a..b1e65a23fc 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/dense-array-access.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/dense-array-access.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  * length, so reads never reach the state check for it; a write past the
  * bound tests the flag and, without states, appends at the length. */
 
+import { InternalCompilerError } from "../../errors.js";
 import { isRefCounted, type IrExpr, type IrType } from "../../ir/ir.js";
 import {
   f64Lit,
@@ -371,7 +372,9 @@ export function emitDenseArrayGet(
 
 /** emitDenseArrayGet, with the int32 of an int32 array's element: the
  * slot itself on the dense path, the runtime getter's double converted
- * (exactly: the element is an int32) on the other. */
+ * (exactly: the element is an int32) on the other. With `inexact`, the
+ * getter's double may be something other than an int32 (NaN from
+ * `scr_arr_get_number`): the read branches there when it is. */
 export function emitDenseArrayRead(
   host: LlvmEmitterContext,
   array: string,
@@ -382,6 +385,7 @@ export function emitDenseArrayRead(
   getter: string,
   retain: boolean,
   proven = false,
+  inexact?: string,
 ): { value: string; int32: string | null } {
   const B = host.B;
   const ty = valueType(acc);
@@ -463,22 +467,68 @@ export function emitDenseArrayRead(
       : READ_FALLBACK;
   B.line(`${slowValue} = call ${ty} @${getter}(ptr ${array}, double ${index.name})${attrs}`);
   let slowInt: string | null = null;
-  if (fastInt !== null) {
+  let slowLabel = slow;
+  if (fastInt !== null && inexact !== undefined) {
+    // An int32 that is not -0, or the inexact branch.
+    host.declare("declare i32 @llvm.fptosi.sat.i32.f64(double)");
+    slowInt = B.tmp();
+    const back = B.tmp(),
+      exact = B.tmp(),
+      bits = B.tmp(),
+      notNegativeZero = B.tmp(),
+      ok = B.tmp();
+    B.line(`${slowInt} = call i32 @llvm.fptosi.sat.i32.f64(double ${slowValue})`);
+    B.line(`${back} = sitofp i32 ${slowInt} to double`);
+    B.line(`${exact} = fcmp oeq double ${back}, ${slowValue}`);
+    B.line(`${bits} = bitcast double ${slowValue} to i64`);
+    B.line(`${notNegativeZero} = icmp ne i64 ${bits}, -9223372036854775808`);
+    B.line(`${ok} = and i1 ${exact}, ${notNegativeZero}`);
+    slowLabel = B.newLabel("arr.get.int32");
+    B.condBr(ok, slowLabel, inexact);
+    B.startBlock(slowLabel);
+  } else if (fastInt !== null) {
     slowInt = B.tmp();
     B.line(`${slowInt} = fptosi double ${slowValue} to i32`);
   }
   B.br(join);
   B.startBlock(join);
   const result = B.tmp();
-  B.line(`${result} = phi ${ty} [ ${fast}, %${fastLabel} ], [ ${slowValue}, %${slow} ]`);
+  B.line(`${result} = phi ${ty} [ ${fast}, %${fastLabel} ], [ ${slowValue}, %${slowLabel} ]`);
   let int32: string | null = null;
   if (fastInt !== null && slowInt !== null) {
     int32 = B.tmp();
-    B.line(`${int32} = phi i32 [ ${fastInt}, %${fastLabel} ], [ ${slowInt}, %${slow} ]`);
+    B.line(`${int32} = phi i32 [ ${fastInt}, %${fastLabel} ], [ ${slowInt}, %${slowLabel} ]`);
   }
   return { value: result, int32 };
 }
 
+/** emitDenseArrayNumber of an int32 array, with the element's int32: a
+ * read that answers NaN (or another value that is not an int32) branches
+ * to `inexact`. */
+export function emitDenseArrayNumberInt32(
+  host: LlvmEmitterContext,
+  array: string,
+  index: LlValue,
+  indexExpr: IrExpr | undefined,
+  proven: boolean,
+  inexact: string,
+): { value: string; int32: string } {
+  const read = emitDenseArrayRead(
+    host,
+    array,
+    index,
+    indexExpr,
+    "i32",
+    { kind: "f64" },
+    "scr_arr_get_number",
+    false,
+    proven,
+    inexact,
+  );
+  if (read.int32 === null) throw new InternalCompilerError("llvm emitter bug: int32 read");
+  return { value: read.value, int32: read.int32 };
+}
+
 /** `scr_arr_get_number`: a numeric element, or NaN for every missing,
  * hole, or present-undefined slot (answered by the runtime). */
 export function emitDenseArrayNumber(
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/expr-containers.ts b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/expr-containers.ts
index 7eec14e4e6..279afdcd05 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/expr-containers.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/expr-containers.ts
@@ -62,12 +62,14 @@ import {
 import { exactInteger, widenInteger } from "./integer-values.js";
 import {
   emitDenseArrayNumber,
+  emitDenseArrayNumberInt32,
   emitDenseArrayPop,
   emitDenseArrayPush,
   runtimeAccess,
   type ArrayAccess,
 } from "./dense-array-access.js";
 import { INT32_ARRAY_METHODS } from "../../ir/int32-arrays.js";
+import { INT32_RANGE } from "../../ir/integer-ranges.js";
 import { emitUnionWiden } from "./expr-records.js";
 import { registerReplay } from "./emit-journal.js";
 
@@ -694,6 +696,25 @@ export function emitArrIntrinsic(
         )!;
         return { name: value, type: e.type };
       }
+      // In a store statement of an int32 kind loop's fast copy, a read that
+      // is not an int32 (a missing element's NaN) leaves for the
+      // statement's resume point, so the element is at hand as an i32.
+      if (!table && elem.kind === "f64" && access === "i32" && host.int32KindResume !== null) {
+        const read = emitDenseArrayNumberInt32(
+          host,
+          r.name,
+          index,
+          e.args[0],
+          host.provenDenseIndex(e.receiver, e.args[0]!),
+          host.int32KindResume,
+        );
+        return {
+          name: read.value,
+          type: e.type,
+          uint32: read.int32,
+          integer: { name: read.int32, type: "i32", signed: true, range: INT32_RANGE },
+        };
+      }
       if (!table && elem.kind === "f64")
         return {
           name: emitDenseArrayNumber(
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/int32-kind-loops.ts b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/int32-kind-loops.ts
index 12e38c1f0e..d596a731db 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/int32-kind-loops.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/int32-kind-loops.ts
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ function isPure(e: IrExpr): boolean {
     case "arrayGet":
     case "arrayHas":
       return e.arr.kind === "varRef" && isPure(e.index);
+    case "arrIntrinsic":
+      return e.method === "getNumber" && e.receiver.kind === "varRef" && isPure(e.args[0]!);
     default:
       return false;
   }
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/integer-clones.ts b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/integer-clones.ts
index 8e90747367..0ea3947b21 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/integer-clones.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/backend/llvm/integer-clones.ts
@@ -192,6 +192,8 @@ function cloneShape(fn: IrFunction, borrowed?: BorrowedParameter): Set<string> |
       case "ternary":
         return expr(e.cond, "bool") && expr(e.then, want) && expr(e.else_, want);
       case "arrIntrinsic":
+        if (e.method === "getNumber")
+          return want === "num" && arrayRef(e.receiver) && expr(e.args[0]!, "num");
         return (
           want === "num" && e.method === "length" && e.args.length === 0 && arrayRef(e.receiver)
         );
@@ -269,6 +271,9 @@ function callsMatch(fn: IrFunction, byName: ReadonlyMap<string, IrFunction>): bo
       case "arrayGet":
         visit(e.index);
         return;
+      case "arrIntrinsic":
+        if (e.method === "getNumber") visit(e.args[0]!);
+        return;
       default:
         return;
     }
@@ -433,6 +438,8 @@ function callsAnything(e: IrExpr): boolean {
       return callsAnything(e.cond) || callsAnything(e.then) || callsAnything(e.else_);
     case "arrayGet":
       return callsAnything(e.index);
+    case "arrIntrinsic":
+      return e.method === "getNumber" && callsAnything(e.args[0]!);
     default:
       return false;
   }
@@ -1021,10 +1028,10 @@ class CloneEmitter {
    * keeps every slot below `filled` a present value) whose element is
    * exactly an int32. Everything else (holes, indices outside the prefix,
    * other numbers) bails: the ordinary body reads it. */
-  private emitElement(e: Extract<IrExpr, { kind: "arrayGet" }>): string {
+  private emitElement(arr: IrExpr, indexExpr: IrExpr): string {
     const { B } = this;
-    const array = this.emitArray(e.arr);
-    const index = this.narrow(this.emitNum(e.index));
+    const array = this.emitArray(arr);
+    const index = this.narrow(this.emitNum(indexExpr));
     const filledField = B.tmp();
     const filled = B.tmp();
     const inside = B.tmp();
@@ -1188,9 +1195,13 @@ class CloneEmitter {
         if (this.inlines(e)) return { name: this.emitInlineCall(e), wide: false };
         return { name: this.emitCall(e), wide: true };
       case "arrIntrinsic":
+        // `getNumber` reads an element like `arrayGet`: a missing one bails,
+        // and the ordinary body reads it as NaN.
+        if (e.method === "getNumber")
+          return { name: this.emitElement(e.receiver, e.args[0]!), wide: false };
         return { name: this.emitLength(this.emitArray(e.receiver)), wide: false };
       case "arrayGet":
-        return { name: this.emitElement(e), wide: false };
+        return { name: this.emitElement(e.arr, e.index), wide: false };
       case "unary": {
         const operand = this.narrow(this.emitNum(e.operand));
         const value = B.tmp();
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/contracts/check.ts b/packages/compiler/src/contracts/check.ts
index 6493967b92..6d8a199568 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/contracts/check.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/contracts/check.ts
@@ -1584,6 +1584,15 @@ class ImmutableContracts {
     for (let steps = 0; steps < 16; steps++) {
       if (root.kind === "fieldGet" || root.kind === "recordGet") root = root.obj;
       else if (root.kind === "arrayGet") root = root.arr;
+      else if (root.kind === "seqExpr") root = root.result;
+      // A receiver that is the element when it is present and otherwise
+      // throws (`xs[i]!.push(v)`) is that element read.
+      else if (
+        root.kind === "ternary" &&
+        root.else_.kind === "libCall" &&
+        root.else_.fn === "error.nodeThrow"
+      )
+        root = root.then;
       else if (
         root.kind === "upcast" ||
         root.kind === "downcast" ||
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/binary.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/binary.ts
index cfc317ccd4..5c326ab1e0 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/binary.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/expressions/binary.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import {
   dynCompoundValue,
   lowerAbsenceProbe,
   lowerDynMemberAssignment,
+  lowerDereferencedElementAssignment,
   lowerOptionalNumber,
   lowerPresenceOperand,
   nullishBranches,
@@ -1068,6 +1069,8 @@ export function lowerBinary(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.BinaryExpression): IrExpr
       if (prototypeWrite) return prototypeWrite;
       const callableWrite = lowerNativeFunctionAssignment(lowerer, expr);
       if (callableWrite) return callableWrite;
+      const dereferenced = lowerDereferencedElementAssignment(lowerer, expr);
+      if (dereferenced) return dereferenced;
     }
     if (
       op === ts.SyntaxKind.QuestionQuestionEqualsToken ||
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-exprs.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-exprs.ts
index 55db761173..9eacfa2b22 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-exprs.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-exprs.ts
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ import { unitOnlyUnion } from "../type-mapper.js";
 import { lowerYield } from "./lower-generators.js";
 import { unionWideningTags } from "../../ir/analysis.js";
 import { isSafeToDiscard, isSafeToRepeat } from "./expressions/evaluation-safety.js";
+import { everyExprChild } from "../../ir/traverse.js";
+import { declareContextLocal } from "./function-context.js";
 import { hasOptionalChainGuard, isOptionalChainTail } from "./expressions/optional-chains.js";
 import { classToStringConversion, classUnionToString } from "./class-to-primitive.js";
 import { lowerCjsTopLevelThis, lowerRequireCacheElement } from "./lower-node-module.js";
@@ -413,6 +415,10 @@ function lowerExprInner(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.Expression): IrExpr {
       const probe = lowerAbsenceProbe(lowerer, expr.expression);
       if (probe?.type.kind === "union") return probe;
     }
+    const dereferenced = dereferencedElementReceiver(lowerer, expr, loc);
+    if (dereferenced) return dereferenced;
+    const element = assertedElementOperand(lowerer, expr, loc);
+    if (element) return element;
     const inner = lowerer.lowerExpr(expr.expression);
     if (inner.type.kind === "union") {
       // `!` performs no runtime check: a missing array element stays
@@ -1075,18 +1081,10 @@ function assertionOperand(
   loc: SrcLoc,
 ): IrExpr | null {
   if (inner.type.kind !== "union" || target === null || target.kind === "union") return null;
-  const arms = lowerer.unions.get(inner.type.unionId)?.arms;
-  if (
-    !arms?.some(isUnitType) ||
-    !arms.every(
-      (arm) =>
-        arm.kind === "f64" || arm.kind === "string" || arm.kind === "bool" || isUnitType(arm),
-    )
-  )
-    return null;
-  // Array element reads keep their own handling of a missing element. A
-  // typed-array read is optional here only where its use tells undefined
-  // from NaN (assertedReadObservesUndefined).
+  if (!scalarUnion(lowerer, inner.type.unionId)) return null;
+  // Array element reads take assertedElementOperand or keep their own
+  // handling of a missing element. A typed-array read is optional here only
+  // where its use tells undefined from NaN (assertedReadObservesUndefined).
   let operand: ts.Expression = expr.expression;
   while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(operand)) operand = operand.expression;
   if (ts.isElementAccessExpression(operand)) {
@@ -1095,19 +1093,489 @@ function assertionOperand(
   }
   const use = convertingUseOf(lowerer, expr);
   if (use === null) return null;
-  if (use === "value") return inner;
+  if (use === "value" || use === "string") return inner;
   return lowerPrimitiveUnionNumber(lowerer, inner, expr, loc);
 }
 
-/** How the converting use of `x!` (see assertionOperand) reads it:
- * "number" where the use applies ToNumber, "value" where the consumer
- * lowers the union itself (strings, equality, truthiness), null for other
+/** `xs[i]!` on an array as the operand of a converting use (see
+ * assertionOperand). The read answers undefined for a missing element, as
+ * in Node, instead of trapping: a numeric use reads NaN for it, and other
+ * uses get the optional element value. Returns null for other reads and
  * uses. */
-function convertingUseOf(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.NonNullExpression): "number" | "value" | null {
+function assertedElementOperand(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.NonNullExpression,
+  loc: SrcLoc,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  let read: ts.Expression = expr.expression;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(read)) read = read.expression;
+  if (!ts.isElementAccessExpression(read) || read.questionDotToken) return null;
+  // Plain arrays only: regex match results and other array subtypes keep
+  // their own element reads.
+  const receiverType = lowerer.typeOf(read.expression);
+  if (
+    !lowerer.checker.isArrayType(receiverType) ||
+    lowerer.mapTypeOf(receiverType)?.kind !== "array"
+  )
+    return null;
+  // A counter below the length reads an existing index: the read keeps
+  // its plain element access.
+  if (lowerer.nanCodedReads?.counterIndexInBounds(read)) return null;
+  const target = lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(expr));
+  if (!target || !isScalarArm(target)) return null;
+  const use = convertingUseOf(lowerer, expr);
+  if (use === null) return null;
+  if (use === "string" && target.kind === "string")
+    return stringElementOrUndefined(lowerer, read, loc);
+  const probe = lowerAbsenceProbe(lowerer, read);
+  if (probe?.type.kind !== "union" || !scalarUnion(lowerer, probe.type.unionId)) return null;
+  if (use === "value" || use === "string") return probe;
+  return lowerer.stripUndefinedArm(probe.type).kind === "f64"
+    ? lowerOptionalNumber(lowerer, probe, loc)
+    : lowerPrimitiveUnionNumber(lowerer, probe, expr, loc);
+}
+
+/** `xs[i]!` on an array as the receiver of a member read
+ * (`xs[i]!.name`, `xs[i]!.size()`, `xs[i]![0]`). `!` performs no runtime
+ * check, so a missing element is undefined there and the member access
+ * throws Node's TypeError ("Cannot read properties of undefined (reading
+ * 'name')") instead of the bounds trap. The receiver is the element when it
+ * is present. A write (`xs[i]!.name = v`) is lowered as a statement by
+ * lowerDereferencedElementWrite, which evaluates the value before the
+ * receiver throws; elsewhere it keeps the bounds trap. Returns null for
+ * other reads and uses. */
+function dereferencedElementReceiver(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.NonNullExpression,
+  loc: SrcLoc,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  const use = runtimeOptionalUseOf(expr);
+  if (!use || isAssignmentTarget(use.access)) return null;
+  const parts = dereferencedElementParts(lowerer, expr, loc, false);
+  if (parts?.message == null) return null;
+  const message = parts.message;
+  const value: IrExpr = {
+    kind: "ternary",
+    cond: parts.present,
+    then: parts.element,
+    else_: nodeTypeError(message, parts.element.type, loc),
+    type: parts.element.type,
+    loc,
+  };
+  return parts.stmts.length === 0
+    ? value
+    : { kind: "seqExpr", stmts: parts.stmts, result: value, type: value.type, loc };
+}
+
+/** The parts of a member access through `xs[i]!` (see
+ * dereferencedElementReceiver): statements that evaluate the array and the
+ * index, whether the element is present, the element read, and Node's
+ * TypeError message for a missing one. A `write` holds its key, so its
+ * message may be left for dereferencedElementWrite to build from the key. */
+export function dereferencedElementParts(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.NonNullExpression,
+  loc: SrcLoc,
+  write: boolean,
+): { stmts: IrStmt[]; present: IrExpr; element: IrExpr; message: IrExpr | null } | null {
+  let read: ts.Expression = expr.expression;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(read)) read = read.expression;
+  if (!ts.isElementAccessExpression(read) || read.questionDotToken) return null;
+  const receiverType = lowerer.typeOf(read.expression);
+  if (
+    !lowerer.checker.isArrayType(receiverType) ||
+    lowerer.mapTypeOf(receiverType)?.kind !== "array"
+  )
+    return null;
+  if (lowerer.nanCodedReads?.counterIndexInBounds(read)) return null;
+  const use = runtimeOptionalUseOf(expr);
+  if (!use || use.optional || use.complex || use.comma || use.kind === "call") return null;
+  // A write holds its key, so the message can name any number or string
+  // key (dereferencedElementWrite builds it).
+  const message =
+    memberAccessMessage(lowerer, use.access) ??
+    (write && ts.isElementAccessExpression(use.access) && namedKey(lowerer, use.access)
+      ? null
+      : undefined);
+  if (message === undefined) return null;
+  if (lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(read.argumentExpression))?.kind !== "f64") return null;
+  // The element must already have the asserted type: an element union the
+  // assertion or a guard narrows keeps its checked narrow.
+  const target = lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(expr));
+  const declared = lowerer.mapTypeOf(receiverType);
+  if (
+    !target ||
+    declared?.kind !== "array" ||
+    declared.elem.kind === "void" ||
+    !typeEquals(declared.elem, target)
+  )
+    return null;
+  const arr = lowerer.lowerExpr(read.expression);
+  if (arr.type.kind !== "array" || !typeEquals(arr.type.elem, target)) return null;
+  const elem = arr.type.elem;
+  const index = lowerer.lowerExprExpecting(read.argumentExpression, F64);
+  // Plain reads (a local, a field of one) evaluate once more instead of
+  // through a hidden local: the receiver then stays a borrowed element
+  // read, like the plain `xs[i]` it replaces. An index that can assign
+  // can replace the array binding or field (`xs[(xs = other, 0)]!`), so the
+  // array is held before it, as JavaScript reads it first.
+  const stmts: IrStmt[] = [];
+  const plain = (value: IrExpr): boolean => isSafeToRepeat(value) || plainProjection(value);
+  const held = (value: IrExpr, name: string): IrExpr => {
+    const tmp = lowerer.declareHiddenLocal(name, value.type);
+    stmts.push({ kind: "varDecl", localId: tmp.id, init: value, loc });
+    return varRef(tmp.id, value.type, loc);
+  };
+  const a = !mayAssign(index) && plain(arr) ? arr : held(arr, "%elementArray");
+  const i = plain(index) ? index : held(index, "%elementIndex");
+  return {
+    stmts,
+    present: {
+      kind: "bin",
+      op: "===",
+      left: { kind: "arrayState", arr: a, index: i, type: F64, loc },
+      right: numLit(1, loc),
+      type: BOOL,
+      loc,
+    },
+    element: { kind: "arrayGet", arr: a, index: i, type: elem, loc },
+    message,
+  };
+}
+
+/** A write through `xs[i]!` (`xs[i]!.name = v`, `xs[i]![k] = v`): as in
+ * Node, the array, the index, the key and the value evaluate in order (the
+ * statements), then a missing element makes the write throw Node's
+ * TypeError and a present one takes the write, which reads the element,
+ * the key and the value through `overrides`. Null for other targets. */
+export function dereferencedElementWrite(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.BinaryExpression,
+): {
+  stmts: IrStmt[];
+  present: IrExpr;
+  message: IrExpr;
+  overrides: { node: ts.Expression; value: IrExpr }[];
+} | null {
+  if (expr.operatorToken.kind !== ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken) return null;
+  const target = expr.left;
+  if (
+    !(ts.isPropertyAccessExpression(target) || ts.isElementAccessExpression(target)) ||
+    target.questionDotToken ||
+    lowerer.chainRecvByNode.has(target.expression)
+  )
+    return null;
+  let receiver: ts.Expression = target.expression;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(receiver)) receiver = receiver.expression;
+  if (!ts.isNonNullExpression(receiver)) return null;
+  const loc = locOf(expr);
+  const keyValue = ts.isElementAccessExpression(target)
+    ? lowerer.lowerExpr(target.argumentExpression)
+    : null;
+  const rightValue = lowerer.lowerExpr(expr.right);
+  const parts = dereferencedElementParts(lowerer, receiver, loc, true);
+  if (parts === null) return null;
+  const stmts = [...parts.stmts];
+  let present = parts.present;
+  let element = parts.element;
+  // JavaScript reads the element before the key and the value. When either
+  // has an effect, which can replace, remove or add the element, its
+  // presence and value are read first; otherwise the write tests and reads
+  // it after them.
+  if (!unobservable(rightValue) || (keyValue !== null && !unobservable(keyValue))) {
+    const presentLocal = lowerer.declareHiddenLocal("%elementPresent", BOOL);
+    // Assigned only when the element is present.
+    const elementLocal = declareContextLocal(
+      lowerer.ctx,
+      "%elementValue",
+      element.type,
+      true,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+    );
+    stmts.push(
+      { kind: "varDecl", localId: presentLocal.id, init: present, loc },
+      { kind: "varDecl", localId: elementLocal.id, init: null, loc },
+    );
+    present = varRef(presentLocal.id, BOOL, loc);
+    stmts.push({
+      kind: "if",
+      cond: present,
+      then: [{ kind: "assign", localId: elementLocal.id, value: element, loc }],
+      else_: null,
+      loc,
+    });
+    element = varRef(elementLocal.id, element.type, loc);
+  }
+  const overrides: { node: ts.Expression; value: IrExpr }[] = [];
+  // The write lowers the node with or without its parentheses.
+  const override = (node: ts.Expression, value: IrExpr): void => {
+    for (let n: ts.Expression = node; ; n = n.expression) {
+      overrides.push({ node: n, value });
+      if (!ts.isParenthesizedExpression(n)) break;
+    }
+  };
+  const held = (value: IrExpr, name: string, inline: boolean): IrExpr => {
+    if (inline) return value;
+    // A call without a result evaluates to undefined.
+    if (value.type.kind === "void") {
+      stmts.push({ kind: "exprStmt", expr: value, loc });
+      return { kind: "unitLit", unit: "undefined", type: UNDEFINED_T, loc };
+    }
+    const tmp = lowerer.declareHiddenLocal(name, value.type);
+    stmts.push({ kind: "varDecl", localId: tmp.id, init: value, loc });
+    return varRef(tmp.id, value.type, loc);
+  };
+  override(target.expression, element);
+  let message = parts.message;
+  if (ts.isElementAccessExpression(target) && keyValue !== null) {
+    // The key evaluates before the value, which can assign the binding or
+    // field it reads; a literal, or an unobservable key the value cannot
+    // change, may evaluate in the write.
+    const key = held(
+      keyValue,
+      "%elementWriteKey",
+      keyValue.kind === "numLit" ||
+        keyValue.kind === "strLit" ||
+        (unobservable(keyValue) && !mayAssign(rightValue)),
+    );
+    override(target.argumentExpression, key);
+    // The message names the key's value as the write evaluated it.
+    if (key !== keyValue || message === null)
+      message = keyMessage(messageHead(target), key, loc) ?? message;
+  }
+  // A value whose evaluation is unobservable may evaluate in the write
+  // itself, after the element is tested.
+  override(
+    expr.right,
+    held(rightValue, "%elementWriteValue", isSafeToRepeat(rightValue) || unobservable(rightValue)),
+  );
+  if (message === null) return null;
+  return { stmts, present, message, overrides };
+}
+
+/** dereferencedElementWrite in value position (`f(xs[i]!.name = v)`). */
+export function lowerDereferencedElementAssignment(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.BinaryExpression,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  const write = dereferencedElementWrite(lowerer, expr);
+  if (write === null) return null;
+  const loc = locOf(expr);
+  const value = lowerer.withExpressionOverrides(write.overrides, () => lowerer.lowerExpr(expr));
+  return {
+    kind: "seqExpr",
+    stmts: write.stmts,
+    result: {
+      kind: "ternary",
+      cond: write.present,
+      then: value,
+      else_: nodeTypeError(write.message, value.type, loc),
+      type: value.type,
+      loc,
+    },
+    type: value.type,
+    loc,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Whether evaluating `e` has no effect and cannot throw: a discardable
+ * expression, or the compiler's element-or-undefined read of one. */
+function unobservable(e: IrExpr): boolean {
+  if (e.kind === "call" && e.callee.startsWith("%arr.idxOr.")) return e.args.every(unobservable);
+  return isSafeToDiscard(e);
+}
+
+/** Whether evaluating `e` can assign a binding or a field: it contains an
+ * assignment, an increment, statements, a suspension, or a call that can
+ * run program code (a library call only through a function it is given). */
+function mayAssign(e: IrExpr): boolean {
+  switch (e.kind) {
+    case "call":
+      // The compiler's element-or-undefined read and union narrows run no
+      // program code.
+      if (!e.callee.startsWith("%arr.idxOr.") && !e.callee.startsWith("%union.narrow."))
+        return true;
+      break;
+    case "assignExpr":
+    case "incDec":
+    case "seqExpr":
+    case "callValue":
+    case "virtualCall":
+    case "dynCall":
+    case "dynInvoke":
+    case "ffiCall":
+    case "new":
+    case "newValue":
+    case "awaitExpr":
+    case "awaitUnionExpr":
+    case "yieldExpr":
+      return true;
+    case "closure":
+      return false;
+    case "libCall":
+      if (e.args.some((arg) => arg.type.kind === "func")) return true;
+      break;
+  }
+  return !everyExprChild(
+    e,
+    (child) => !mayAssign(child),
+    () => false,
+  );
+}
+
+/** Node's TypeError, thrown in place of a value of `type`. */
+export function nodeTypeError(message: IrExpr, type: IrType, loc: SrcLoc): IrExpr {
+  return {
+    kind: "libCall",
+    fn: "error.nodeThrow",
+    args: [numLit(1, loc), strLit("", loc), message],
+    type,
+    loc,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Whether `access` is the target of `=`. */
+function isAssignmentTarget(access: ts.Expression): boolean {
+  let outer: ts.Expression = access;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(outer.parent)) outer = outer.parent;
+  const parent = outer.parent;
+  return (
+    ts.isBinaryExpression(parent) &&
+    parent.left === outer &&
+    parent.operatorToken.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.EqualsToken
+  );
+}
+
+/** A local, a number literal, or a field or record member read through a
+ * local: reading it again has no effect and yields the same value. */
+function plainProjection(e: IrExpr): boolean {
+  if (e.kind === "varRef" || e.kind === "numLit") return true;
+  return (e.kind === "fieldGet" || e.kind === "recordGet") && plainProjection(e.obj);
+}
+
+/** Node's TypeError message for a member access on undefined: reading the
+ * member, or setting it when the access is the target of `=`. Null when
+ * the key is not a name, a literal, or a plain read of a number or string
+ * (which the message reads a second time). */
+function memberAccessMessage(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  access: ts.PropertyAccessExpression | ts.ElementAccessExpression | ts.CallExpression,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  const head = messageHead(access);
+  const loc = locOf(access);
+  if (ts.isPropertyAccessExpression(access)) {
+    if (ts.isPrivateIdentifier(access.name)) return null;
+    return strLit(`${head}${access.name.text}')`, loc);
+  }
+  if (!ts.isElementAccessExpression(access)) return null;
+  const key = runtimeOptionalElementKey(access.argumentExpression);
+  if (key !== null) return strLit(`${head}${key}')`, loc);
+  let keyNode = access.argumentExpression;
+  while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(keyNode)) keyNode = keyNode.expression;
+  if (!ts.isIdentifier(keyNode)) return null;
+  const keyType = lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(keyNode))?.kind;
+  if (keyType !== "f64" && keyType !== "string") return null;
+  const keyValue = lowerer.lowerExpr(keyNode);
+  if (!isSafeToRepeat(keyValue) || keyValue.type.kind !== keyType) return null;
+  return keyMessage(head, keyValue, loc);
+}
+
+/** The start of Node's TypeError message for a member access on undefined:
+ * setting the member when the access is the target of `=`, else reading
+ * it. */
+function messageHead(access: ts.Expression): string {
+  return isAssignmentTarget(access)
+    ? "Cannot set properties of undefined (setting '"
+    : "Cannot read properties of undefined (reading '";
+}
+
+/** Whether `access`'s key is typed a number or a string, which the message
+ * can name from its value. */
+function namedKey(lowerer: Lowerer, access: ts.ElementAccessExpression): boolean {
+  const kind = lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(access.argumentExpression))?.kind;
+  return kind === "f64" || kind === "string";
+}
+
+/** The message naming a key from its value (a number or a string), or null
+ * for another type. */
+function keyMessage(head: string, key: IrExpr, loc: SrcLoc): IrExpr | null {
+  if (key.type.kind !== "f64" && key.type.kind !== "string") return null;
+  const text: IrExpr =
+    key.type.kind === "string" ? key : { kind: "toString", operand: key, type: STRING, loc };
+  const concat = (left: IrExpr, right: IrExpr): IrExpr => ({
+    kind: "strConcat",
+    left,
+    right,
+    type: STRING,
+    loc,
+  });
+  return concat(concat(strLit(head, loc), text), strLit("')", loc));
+}
+
+/** A string array's element converted to a string: the element, or
+ * "undefined" for a missing index or a hole. */
+function stringElementOrUndefined(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  read: ts.ElementAccessExpression,
+  loc: SrcLoc,
+): IrExpr | null {
+  if (lowerer.mapTypeOf(lowerer.typeOf(read.argumentExpression))?.kind !== "f64") return null;
+  const arr = lowerer.lowerExpr(read.expression);
+  if (arr.type.kind !== "array" || arr.type.elem.kind !== "string") return null;
+  const index = lowerer.lowerExprExpecting(read.argumentExpression, F64);
+  const stmts: IrStmt[] = [];
+  const held = (value: IrExpr, name: string): IrExpr => {
+    const tmp = lowerer.declareHiddenLocal(name, value.type);
+    stmts.push({ kind: "varDecl", localId: tmp.id, init: value, loc });
+    return varRef(tmp.id, value.type, loc);
+  };
+  // An index that can assign can replace the array binding or field, so
+  // the array is held before it, as JavaScript reads it first.
+  const a = !mayAssign(index) && isSafeToRepeat(arr) ? arr : held(arr, "%elementArray");
+  const i = isSafeToRepeat(index) ? index : held(index, "%elementIndex");
+  const value: IrExpr = {
+    kind: "ternary",
+    cond: {
+      kind: "bin",
+      op: "===",
+      left: { kind: "arrayState", arr: a, index: i, type: F64, loc },
+      right: numLit(1, loc),
+      type: BOOL,
+      loc,
+    },
+    then: { kind: "arrayGet", arr: a, index: i, type: STRING, loc },
+    else_: strLit("undefined", loc),
+    type: STRING,
+    loc,
+  };
+  return stmts.length === 0 ? value : { kind: "seqExpr", stmts, result: value, type: STRING, loc };
+}
+
+function isScalarArm(arm: IrType): boolean {
+  return arm.kind === "f64" || arm.kind === "string" || arm.kind === "bool" || isUnitType(arm);
+}
+
+/** A union of numbers, strings, booleans, null and undefined with at least
+ * one unit arm. */
+function scalarUnion(lowerer: Lowerer, unionId: string): boolean {
+  const arms = lowerer.unions.get(unionId)?.arms;
+  return !!arms?.some(isUnitType) && arms.every(isScalarArm);
+}
+
+/** How the converting use of `x!` (see assertionOperand) reads it:
+ * "number" where the use applies ToNumber, "string" where it converts the
+ * value to a string (a template span, `+` with a string), "value" where the
+ * consumer lowers the union itself (equality, truthiness, a comparison with
+ * a string), null for other uses. */
+function convertingUseOf(
+  lowerer: Lowerer,
+  expr: ts.NonNullExpression,
+): "number" | "string" | "value" | null {
   let outer: ts.Expression = expr;
   while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(outer.parent)) outer = outer.parent;
   const parent = outer.parent;
-  if (ts.isTemplateSpan(parent)) return parent.expression === outer ? "value" : null;
+  if (ts.isTemplateSpan(parent)) return parent.expression === outer ? "string" : null;
   if (ts.isTypeOfExpression(parent)) return "value";
   if (ts.isPrefixUnaryExpression(parent)) {
     if (parent.operator === ts.SyntaxKind.ExclamationToken) return "value";
@@ -1140,7 +1608,7 @@ function convertingUseOf(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.NonNullExpression): "number"
     if (op === ts.SyntaxKind.PlusEqualsToken && parent.right !== outer) return null;
     let partner = other;
     while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(partner)) partner = partner.expression;
-    if (isString(other)) return ts.isNonNullExpression(partner) ? null : "value";
+    if (isString(other)) return ts.isNonNullExpression(partner) ? null : "string";
     if (!numericPartner(lowerer.typeOf(other))) return "value";
     return isString(expr) ? null : "number";
   }
@@ -1226,7 +1694,8 @@ export function assertedReadObservesUndefined(
   lowerer: Lowerer,
   node: ts.NonNullExpression,
 ): boolean {
-  if (convertingUseOf(lowerer, node) === "value") return true;
+  const use = convertingUseOf(lowerer, node);
+  if (use === "value" || use === "string") return true;
   let outer: ts.Expression = node;
   while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(outer.parent)) outer = outer.parent;
   const parent = outer.parent;
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
index ad191f58ae..6883f6fd62 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/lower-stmts.ts
@@ -242,10 +242,12 @@ import { globalSymbolKey } from "./expressions/global-symbols.js";
 import { identifiersNamed } from "./identifier-uses.js";
 import { lowerShortCircuitAssignment } from "./expressions/nullish-assignment.js";
 import {
+  dereferencedElementWrite,
   jsHoldsDynObject,
   lowerEnvironmentKey,
   lowerNativeFunctionAssignment,
   lowerStrictEquality,
+  nodeTypeError,
 } from "./lower-exprs.js";
 import { keptIdentityAssertion } from "./assertion-identity.js";
 import { isNativeProxyInitializer } from "./expressions/native-proxy.js";
@@ -7992,6 +7994,29 @@ function lowerCjsSingleValueExport(
  * assignment, and `({ a, b } = e);` (destructuring ASSIGNMENT, which JS
  * requires parenthesized in statement position) lands in the
  * object-literal-target branch below. */
+/** dereferencedElementWrite in statement position. */
+function lowerDereferencedElementWrite(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.BinaryExpression): IrStmt | null {
+  const write = dereferencedElementWrite(lowerer, expr);
+  if (write === null) return null;
+  const loc = locOf(expr);
+  return {
+    kind: "block",
+    body: [
+      ...write.stmts,
+      {
+        kind: "if",
+        cond: write.present,
+        then: [
+          lowerer.withExpressionOverrides(write.overrides, () => lowerExprStatement(lowerer, expr)),
+        ],
+        else_: [{ kind: "exprStmt", expr: nodeTypeError(write.message, VOID, loc), loc }],
+        loc,
+      },
+    ],
+    loc,
+  };
+}
+
 export function lowerExprStatement(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.Expression): IrStmt {
   const stmtNode = expr.parent;
   while (ts.isParenthesizedExpression(expr)) expr = expr.expression;
@@ -8254,6 +8279,10 @@ export function lowerExprStatement(lowerer: Lowerer, expr: ts.Expression): IrStm
         const ex = lowerExpandoAssignStmt(lowerer, expr);
         if (ex) return ex;
       }
+      {
+        const dereferenced = lowerDereferencedElementWrite(lowerer, expr);
+        if (dereferenced) return dereferenced;
+      }
       if (ts.isElementAccessExpression(expr.left)) return lowerer.lowerElementWrite(expr);
       if (ts.isPropertyAccessExpression(expr.left)) {
         fenceNodeModuleMutation(lowerer, expr.left, "assignment");
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/nan-coded-reads.ts b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/nan-coded-reads.ts
index 24c981bd31..9456cfa188 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/nan-coded-reads.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/frontend/lowering/nan-coded-reads.ts
@@ -451,6 +451,19 @@ export class NanCodedReads {
 
   // ---- present reads ------------------------------------------------------
 
+  /** `xs[i]` whose index is a non-negative integer counter of the reading
+   * function and that a dominating `i < xs.length` guard bounds by the
+   * length: the read names an existing index. */
+  counterIndexInBounds(read: ts.ElementAccessExpression): boolean {
+    const index = peelTransparent(read.argumentExpression);
+    if (!ts.isIdentifier(index)) return false;
+    const symbol = this.symbolOf(index);
+    if (!symbol || !this.nonNegativeCounter(symbol)) return false;
+    const decl = this.host.declarationOf(symbol);
+    if (!decl || this.containingFunction(decl) !== this.containingFunction(read)) return false;
+    return indexReadInBounds(read);
+  }
+
   /** `t[i]` names an existing element: `i` is a non-negative integer
    * counter and a dominating guard bounds it by `t.length` (or by the
    * length of a typed array that always has the same length).
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/ir/int32-slots.ts b/packages/compiler/src/ir/int32-slots.ts
index 1334b9b997..be5f29768f 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/ir/int32-slots.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/ir/int32-slots.ts
@@ -1484,6 +1484,39 @@ export function analyzeInt32Slots(mod: IrModule, inputs: Int32SlotInputs = {}):
       continue;
     }
     const int32 = (e: IrExpr): boolean => withinInt32(ranges.get(e));
+    // The range of an exact integer that may also be NaN: an element read
+    // of a candidate through `getNumber` (`a[k]!` in arithmetic, NaN for a
+    // missing element), and `+`, `-` and `*` over such values and integers.
+    // A checked store widens the array at a NaN like at any value that is
+    // not an int32.
+    const integerOrNaN = (e: IrExpr): IntegerRange | null => {
+      const range = ranges.get(e);
+      if (range) return range;
+      if (e.kind === "numLit")
+        return Number.isInteger(e.value) ? { min: e.value, max: e.value } : null;
+      if (e.kind === "arrIntrinsic" && e.method === "getNumber" && e.receiver.kind === "varRef")
+        return slots.hasInt32ElementSlot(int32ArraySlot(int32ArrayKey(fn.name, e.receiver.localId)))
+          ? INT32_RANGE
+          : null;
+      if (e.kind !== "bin" || (e.op !== "+" && e.op !== "-" && e.op !== "*")) return null;
+      const left = integerOrNaN(e.left);
+      const right = left && integerOrNaN(e.right);
+      if (!left || !right) return null;
+      const bounds =
+        e.op === "+"
+          ? [left.min + right.min, left.max + right.max]
+          : e.op === "-"
+            ? [left.min - right.max, left.max - right.min]
+            : [
+                left.min * right.min,
+                left.min * right.max,
+                left.max * right.min,
+                left.max * right.max,
+              ];
+      const min = Math.min(...bounds);
+      const max = Math.max(...bounds);
+      return Math.abs(min) < 2 ** 53 && Math.abs(max) < 2 ** 53 ? { min, max } : null;
+    };
     // Every element stored into an int32 array candidate must be an int32
     // under the facts that assume the candidates' own elements are; a
     // failing store drops its array's element facts, and the function is
@@ -1513,6 +1546,10 @@ export function analyzeInt32Slots(mod: IrModule, inputs: Int32SlotInputs = {}):
       for (const [id, values] of int32ArrayStores(fn, arrays)) {
         const key = int32ArrayKey(fn.name, id);
         if (!slots.hasInt32ElementSlot(int32ArraySlot(key)) || values.every(int32)) continue;
+        // Checked stores serve a lone local: its allocations are the only
+        // arrays it holds. Its stores are judged under the element facts
+        // the ranges were computed with.
+        const checkable = values.every((value) => int32(value) || integerOrNaN(value) !== null);
         // The array's group drops together: every function reading a
         // member is analyzed again without its facts.
         const group = arrayGroups.group.get(key) ?? [key];
@@ -1523,17 +1560,11 @@ export function analyzeInt32Slots(mod: IrModule, inputs: Int32SlotInputs = {}):
             if (names) for (const name of names) requeue(name);
           } else requeue(member.slice(0, member.indexOf("\0")));
         }
-        // Checked stores serve a lone local: its allocations are the only
-        // arrays it holds.
-        const checkable = (value: IrExpr): boolean => {
-          const range = ranges.get(value);
-          return int32(value) || range != null;
-        };
         if (
           group.length === 1 &&
           !key.startsWith("\0") &&
           !params.has(id) &&
-          values.every(checkable) &&
+          checkable &&
           checkableInt32Allocations(fn, id)
         )
           slots.checkedInt32Arrays.add(key);
diff --git a/packages/compiler/src/ir/parameter-versions.ts b/packages/compiler/src/ir/parameter-versions.ts
index 5156d4bff1..ca29585853 100644
--- a/packages/compiler/src/ir/parameter-versions.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler/src/ir/parameter-versions.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ function numericLoop(loop: IrStmt, functions: ReadonlyMap<string, IrFunction>):
       const target = functions.get(e.callee);
       allowed = target !== undefined && simple(target);
     } else if (e.kind === "libCall") allowed = e.fn.startsWith("math.");
-    else if (e.kind === "arrIntrinsic") allowed = e.method === "length";
+    else if (e.kind === "arrIntrinsic") allowed = e.method === "length" || e.method === "getNumber";
     return allowed && everyExprChild(e, expr, stmt);
   };
   const stmt = (s: IrStmt): boolean =>
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e50ca92f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17551e6266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/compiler/test/ts7/baselines/order-parity/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+ "order": [
+  "<repo>/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts"
+ ],
+ "diags": []
+}
diff --git a/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts b/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fd7190a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/corpus/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Non-null assertions on array element reads whose index is out of bounds
+// or names a hole, used as operands of operators that convert them. `!`
+// performs no runtime check, so the read is undefined, as in Node: NaN in
+// arithmetic, false in comparisons, "undefined" in strings.
+
+const values = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5];
+const words = ["alpha", "beta"];
+const flags = [true, false];
+const holey: number[] = [];
+holey[3] = 7;
+
+function show(v: unknown): string {
+  return Object.is(v, -0) ? "-0" : String(v);
+}
+
+function line(label: string, parts: unknown[]): void {
+  console.log(label.padEnd(10), parts.map(show).join(" "));
+}
+
+for (const k of [0, 4, 5, -1, 1.5, 100]) {
+  line(`k=${k}`, [
+    values[k]! + 1,
+    values[k]! * 2,
+    -values[k]!,
+    values[k]! | 0,
+    values[k]! < 3,
+    values[k]! >= 1,
+    values[k]! === 1,
+    values[k]! !== 1,
+    `${values[k]!}`,
+    "v=" + values[k]!,
+    Math.max(values[k]!, 0),
+    words[k]! + "!",
+    `<${words[k]!}>`,
+    words[k]! < "b",
+    !flags[k]!,
+  ]);
+}
+
+line("holes", [holey[0]! + 1, holey[3]! + 1, `${holey[1]!}`, holey[2]! === undefined, holey[9]! > 0]);
+
+// `+` with an untyped partner concatenates or adds when it runs.
+const untypedText: any = "x";
+const untypedNumber: any = 5;
+for (const k of [1, 9]) {
+  line(`untyped ${k}`, [
+    values[k]! + untypedText,
+    untypedText + values[k]!,
+    values[k]! + untypedNumber,
+    words[k]! + untypedNumber,
+    words[k]! + untypedText,
+  ]);
+}
+
+let sum = 0;
+let text = "";
+for (let i = 0; i <= values.length; i++) {
+  sum += values[i]!;
+  text += words[i % 3]!;
+  text += ",";
+}
+line("compound", [sum, text]);
+
+// A counter array: an index past the end reads NaN, and the store widens
+// the array to doubles.
+function counter(n: number, m: number): number[] {
+  const a = new Array(n).fill(0) as number[];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6000; i++) a[i % m] = a[i % m]! + 1;
+  return [a[0]!, a[m - 1]!, a.length, a[n + 1]! + 0];
+}
+line("counter", counter(5000, 5000));
+line("past", counter(5000, 5003));
+line("zero", counter(4, 0));
+
+const grid = [
+  [1, 2],
+  [3, 4],
+];
+let total = 0;
+for (let r = 0; r < 3; r++) for (let c = 0; c < 3; c++) total += grid[r % 2]![c]! * 1;
+line("grid", [total]);
diff --git a/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts b/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67d9249d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/corpus/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Member reads and writes through non-null asserted array element reads.
+// `!` performs no runtime check: a missing element is undefined, so the
+// member access throws Node's TypeError, which the program can catch.
+
+class Cell {
+  count = 0;
+  label: string;
+  constructor(label: string) {
+    this.label = label;
+  }
+  bump(): number {
+    return ++this.count;
+  }
+}
+
+function cell(label: string): Cell {
+  return new Cell(label);
+}
+
+const cells = [cell("a"), cell("b")];
+const words = ["alpha", "beta"];
+const grid = [
+  [1, 2],
+  [3, 4],
+];
+const maps = [new Map<string, number>([["x", 1]])];
+const holey: Cell[] = [];
+holey[2] = cell("z");
+let reads = 0;
+function at(n: number): number {
+  reads++;
+  return n;
+}
+
+function attempt(label: string, f: () => unknown): void {
+  try {
+    console.log(label.padEnd(12), "ok", f());
+  } catch (e) {
+    const error = e as Error;
+    console.log(label.padEnd(12), error instanceof TypeError, error.message);
+  }
+}
+
+for (const k of [0, 1, 2, -1]) {
+  attempt(`label ${k}`, () => cells[k]!.label);
+  attempt(`bump ${k}`, () => cells[k]!.bump());
+  attempt(`set ${k}`, () => (cells[k]!.label = "set"));
+  attempt(`count++ ${k}`, () => cells[k]!.count++);
+  attempt(`length ${k}`, () => words[k]!.length);
+  attempt(`upper ${k}`, () => words[k]!.toUpperCase());
+  attempt(`grid ${k}`, () => grid[k]![0]);
+  attempt(`row ${k}`, () => {
+    const j = 1;
+    return grid[k]![j];
+  });
+  attempt(`push ${k}`, () => grid[k]!.push(9));
+  attempt(`map ${k}`, () => maps[k]!.get("x"));
+}
+
+attempt("hole", () => holey[0]!.label);
+attempt("hole value", () => holey[2]!.label);
+attempt("order", () => cells[at(7)]!.count + at(1));
+console.log("reads", reads);
+
+let total = 0;
+try {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) total += grid[i]![0]!;
+} catch (e) {
+  console.log("loop", (e as Error).message, total);
+}
+console.log(cells.map((c) => `${c.label}:${c.count}`).join(" "));
+
+// A write through a missing element evaluates the key and the value before
+// it throws; an error the value throws is the one that propagates.
+const events: string[] = [];
+const note = (event: string, value: number): number => {
+  events.push(event);
+  return value;
+};
+attempt("write order", () => {
+  cells[note("index", 7)]!.count = note("value", 1);
+});
+attempt("write key order", () => {
+  grid[note("row", 9)]![note("column", 0)] = note("cell", 5);
+});
+attempt("write literal key", () => {
+  grid[9]![0] = note("cell 0", 5);
+});
+attempt("value throws", () => {
+  cells[7]!.count = (() => {
+    throw new Error("from the value");
+  })();
+});
+attempt("present write", () => {
+  cells[0]!.count = note("present", 41) + 1;
+  return cells[0]!.count;
+});
+console.log("events", events.join(","));
+
+// The array is read before an index that replaces it.
+let current = [new Cell("first")];
+const replace = (): number => {
+  current = [];
+  return 0;
+};
+attempt("replaced read", () => current[replace()]!.label);
+current = [new Cell("second")];
+attempt("replaced write", () => {
+  current[replace()]!.label = "written";
+});
+let names = ["kept"];
+attempt("replaced string", () => `${names[(names = [], 0)]!}`);
+console.log(current.length, names.length);
+
+// The element is read before the key and the value: a value that replaces,
+// removes or adds it writes to, or misses, the element the target read, and
+// a key the value reassigns is the one read before it.
+const slots = [new Cell("p"), new Cell("q")];
+const original = slots[0]!;
+attempt("value replaces", () => {
+  slots[0]!.label = ((slots[0] = new Cell("r")), "set");
+  return `${original.label} ${slots[0]!.label}`;
+});
+const tail = slots[1]!;
+attempt("value removes", () => {
+  slots[1]!.label = (slots.pop(), "gone");
+  return `${tail.label} ${slots.length}`;
+});
+attempt("value adds", () => {
+  slots[1]!.label = (slots.push(new Cell("s")), "added");
+});
+const table: number[][] = [[1, 2]];
+let column = 0;
+attempt("value moves key", () => {
+  table[0]![column] = ((column = 1), 5);
+  return table[0]!.join(",");
+});
+column = 0;
+attempt("value moves missing key", () => {
+  table[4]![column] = ((column = 1), 5);
+});
+console.log(slots.length, column);
diff --git a/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json b/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e053c13c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7393-non-null-element-operands.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{ "plain": 3000, "san": 3800 }
diff --git a/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json b/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0d5a6a6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/harness/corpus-costs/7395-non-null-element-dereference.ts.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{ "plain": 3585, "san": 5768 }