diff --git a/internal/cbm/service_patterns.c b/internal/cbm/service_patterns.c
index a8debb544..6da74d478 100644
--- a/internal/cbm/service_patterns.c
+++ b/internal/cbm/service_patterns.c
@@ -870,6 +870,139 @@ bool cbm_service_pattern_is_http_route_literal(const char *literal, const char *
     return true;
 }
 
+/* ── GraphQL operation identity (#598) ─────────────────────────── */
+
+static bool gql_name_start(unsigned char c) {
+    return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
+}
+
+static bool gql_name_char(unsigned char c) {
+    return gql_name_start(c) || (c >= '0' && c <= '9');
+}
+
+/* Skip one lexical unit whose braces are not structure: a # comment, a "..."
+ * or """...""" string, or a JS ${...} template interpolation. Returns p
+ * unchanged when p starts none of them. */
+static const char *gql_skip_opaque(const char *p) {
+    if (*p == '#') {
+        while (*p && *p != '\n' && *p != '\r') {
+            p++;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+    if (strncmp(p, "\"\"\"", 3) == 0) {
+        const char *end = strstr(p + 3, "\"\"\"");
+        return end ? end + 3 : p + strlen(p);
+    }
+    if (*p == '"') {
+        p++;
+        while (*p && *p != '"') {
+            p += (*p == '\\' && p[1]) ? 2 : 1;
+        }
+        return *p ? p + 1 : p;
+    }
+    if (p[0] == '$' && p[1] == '{') {
+        int depth = 1;
+        p += 2;
+        while (*p && depth > 0) {
+            depth += (*p == '{') - (*p == '}');
+            p++;
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* Skip GraphQL "ignored tokens" (whitespace, commas, comments). */
+static const char *gql_skip_ignored(const char *p) {
+    for (;;) {
+        while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == ',') {
+            p++;
+        }
+        if (*p != '#') {
+            return p;
+        }
+        p = gql_skip_opaque(p);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Copy the Name token at p (bounded). Returns false when p is not a Name. */
+static bool gql_copy_name(const char *p, char *name_buf, size_t name_sz) {
+    if (!gql_name_start((unsigned char)*p) || !name_buf || name_sz == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t n = 0;
+    while (gql_name_char((unsigned char)p[n]) && n + 1 < name_sz) {
+        name_buf[n] = p[n];
+        n++;
+    }
+    name_buf[n] = '\0';
+    return true;
+}
+
+static const char *gql_operation_keyword(const char *tok, size_t len) {
+    static const char *const kws[] = {"query", "mutation", "subscription", NULL};
+    for (int i = 0; kws[i]; i++) {
+        if (strlen(kws[i]) == len && strncmp(tok, kws[i], len) == 0) {
+            return kws[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool cbm_service_pattern_graphql_operation(const char *doc, const char **op_type, char *name_buf,
+                                           size_t name_sz) {
+    *op_type = "operation";
+    if (name_buf && name_sz > 0) {
+        name_buf[0] = '\0';
+    }
+    if (!doc) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    int depth = 0;
+    bool in_fragment = false;
+    const char *p = doc;
+    while (*p) {
+        const char *q = gql_skip_opaque(p);
+        if (q != p) {
+            p = q;
+            continue;
+        }
+        unsigned char c = (unsigned char)*p;
+        if (c == '{' && depth == 0 && !in_fragment) {
+            *op_type = "query"; /* `{ ... }` shorthand is an anonymous query */
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (c == '{' || c == '}') {
+            depth += (c == '{') ? 1 : -1;
+            depth = depth < 0 ? 0 : depth;
+            in_fragment = in_fragment && depth > 0;
+            p++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (depth > 0 || in_fragment || !gql_name_start(c)) {
+            p++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const char *tok = p;
+        while (gql_name_char((unsigned char)*p)) {
+            p++;
+        }
+        size_t len = (size_t)(p - tok);
+        if (len == strlen("fragment") && strncmp(tok, "fragment", len) == 0) {
+            in_fragment = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const char *kw = gql_operation_keyword(tok, len);
+        if (!kw) {
+            return false; /* not a GraphQL document (URL, dict key, variable ...) */
+        }
+        *op_type = kw;
+        return gql_copy_name(gql_skip_ignored(p), name_buf, name_sz);
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 /* ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
 /* Per-worker TLS cache of cbm_service_pattern_match results.
diff --git a/internal/cbm/service_patterns.h b/internal/cbm/service_patterns.h
index d9a93c251..020ab429d 100644
--- a/internal/cbm/service_patterns.h
+++ b/internal/cbm/service_patterns.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #define CBM_SERVICE_PATTERNS_H
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 /* Edge type returned by pattern match. */
 typedef enum {
@@ -77,4 +78,17 @@ const char *cbm_service_pattern_route_method(const char *callee_name);
  * Returns NULL if not an async pattern. */
 const char *cbm_service_pattern_broker(const char *resolved_qn);
 
+/* GraphQL operation identity of a client call argument (#598).
+ * Scans `doc` as a GraphQL document (skipping comments, strings, `${...}`
+ * template interpolations and leading fragment definitions) and reports the
+ * first operation: *op_type is "query", "mutation" or "subscription" ("query"
+ * for the `{ ... }` shorthand). Returns true and writes the operation name to
+ * name_buf when the operation is named. Returns false for an anonymous
+ * operation, or with *op_type = "operation" when `doc` is not a GraphQL
+ * document (NULL, a URL, a bare word such as a dict key ...). The operation
+ * text itself is never copied, so callers can key Routes on a bounded
+ * identity. */
+bool cbm_service_pattern_graphql_operation(const char *doc, const char **op_type, char *name_buf,
+                                           size_t name_sz);
+
 #endif /* CBM_SERVICE_PATTERNS_H */
diff --git a/src/pipeline/pass_parallel.c b/src/pipeline/pass_parallel.c
index c6e8e0906..c141bd451 100644
--- a/src/pipeline/pass_parallel.c
+++ b/src/pipeline/pass_parallel.c
@@ -2447,40 +2447,43 @@ static void emit_grpc_edge(cbm_gbuf_t *gbuf, const cbm_gbuf_node_t *source, cons
     cbm_gbuf_insert_edge(gbuf, source->id, route_id, "GRPC_CALLS", props);
 }
 
-/* Emit GRAPHQL_CALLS edge. Extract operation from first string arg if available. */
+/* Emit GRAPHQL_CALLS edge. The Route is keyed by the operation NAME only
+ * (#598), never by the operation text:
+ *   named operation          -> __graphql__<Name>                  name "<Name>"
+ *   anonymous query/mutation/ -> __graphql__<type>__anonymous       name "(anonymous <type>)"
+ *   subscription (incl. the `{ ... }` query shorthand)
+ *   no GraphQL document      -> __graphql__operation__anonymous    name "(anonymous operation)"
+ *   (URL, variable, missing string argument)
+ * Keys are bounded by the GraphQL Name grammar and deterministic. */
 static void emit_graphql_edge(cbm_gbuf_t *gbuf, const cbm_gbuf_node_t *source, const CBMCall *call,
                               const cbm_resolution_t *res) {
-    const char *op = call->first_string_arg;
-    if (!op || !op[0]) {
-        op = call->callee_name;
-    }
-    /* Try to extract a query/mutation name from the operation string */
-    char op_name[CBM_SZ_256];
-    snprintf(op_name, sizeof(op_name), "%s", op);
-    /* Trim leading whitespace and "query "/"mutation " prefix */
-    const char *p = op_name;
-    while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\n') {
-        p++;
-    }
-    if (strncmp(p, "query ", CBM_SZ_6) == 0) {
-        p += CBM_SZ_6;
-    } else if (strncmp(p, "mutation ", CBM_SZ_8) == 0) {
-        p += CBM_SZ_8;
+    const char *op_type = "operation";
+    char op_name[CBM_SZ_128];
+    bool named = cbm_service_pattern_graphql_operation(call->first_string_arg, &op_type, op_name,
+                                                       sizeof(op_name));
+
+    char route_name[CBM_SZ_256];
+    char route_qn[CBM_SZ_256];
+    if (named) {
+        snprintf(route_name, sizeof(route_name), "%s", op_name);
+        snprintf(route_qn, sizeof(route_qn), "__graphql__%s", op_name);
+    } else {
+        snprintf(route_name, sizeof(route_name), "(anonymous %s)", op_type);
+        snprintf(route_qn, sizeof(route_qn), "__graphql__%s__anonymous", op_type);
     }
 
-    char route_qn[CBM_SZ_512];
-    snprintf(route_qn, sizeof(route_qn), "__graphql__%s", p);
-
-    int64_t route_id =
-        cbm_gbuf_upsert_node(gbuf, "Route", p, route_qn, "", 0, 0, "{\"source\":\"graphql\"}");
+    int64_t route_id = cbm_gbuf_upsert_node(gbuf, "Route", route_name, route_qn, "", 0, 0,
+                                            "{\"source\":\"graphql\"}");
 
     char esc_c[CBM_SZ_256];
     char esc_op[CBM_SZ_512];
     cbm_json_escape(esc_c, sizeof(esc_c), call->callee_name);
-    cbm_json_escape(esc_op, sizeof(esc_op), p);
+    cbm_json_escape(esc_op, sizeof(esc_op), route_name);
     char props[CBM_SZ_1K];
-    snprintf(props, sizeof(props), "{\"callee\":\"%s\",\"operation\":\"%s\",\"confidence\":%.2f}",
-             esc_c, esc_op, res->confidence);
+    snprintf(props, sizeof(props),
+             "{\"callee\":\"%s\",\"operation\":\"%s\",\"operation_type\":\"%s\","
+             "\"confidence\":%.2f}",
+             esc_c, esc_op, op_type, res->confidence);
     cbm_gbuf_insert_edge(gbuf, source->id, route_id, "GRAPHQL_CALLS", props);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/test_edge_types_probe.c b/tests/test_edge_types_probe.c
index 9fb6bd87c..5ed449b8d 100644
--- a/tests/test_edge_types_probe.c
+++ b/tests/test_edge_types_probe.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "test_framework.h"
 #include "test_helpers.h"
 #include "cbm.h"
+#include "service_patterns.h"
 #include <mcp/mcp.h>
 #include <store/store.h>
 #include <pipeline/pipeline.h>
@@ -244,6 +245,136 @@ static cbm_store_t *et_index_parallel(EtProj *lp, const EtFile *meaningful, int
     return et_index_files(lp, files, n);
 }
 
+/* #598: a call that resolves to a GraphQL client used to name its Route after
+ * the WHOLE operation text (minus a leading "query "/"mutation "), so an
+ * anonymous `query { ... }` became one long Route and even a named operation
+ * carried its variables and selection set in the name. GraphQL Routes are now
+ * keyed by operation name only; anonymous operations share one bounded key per
+ * operation type. The Route set is asserted exactly (QN + name). Parallel path
+ * only: GRAPHQL_CALLS is emitted by pass_parallel.c. */
+typedef struct {
+    const char *qn;
+    const char *name;
+} EtGqlRoute;
+
+static int et_graphql_routes_exact(const EtFile *files, int nfiles, const EtGqlRoute *want,
+                                   int nwant) {
+    EtProj lp;
+    cbm_store_t *store = et_index_parallel(&lp, files, nfiles);
+    cbm_node_t *nodes = NULL;
+    int node_count = 0;
+    int ok = store != NULL;
+    int got = 0;
+    if (!store || cbm_store_find_nodes_by_label(store, lp.project, "Route", &nodes, &node_count) !=
+                      CBM_STORE_OK) {
+        ok = 0;
+    }
+    for (int ni = 0; nodes && ni < node_count; ni++) {
+        const char *qn = nodes[ni].qualified_name ? nodes[ni].qualified_name : "";
+        const char *name = nodes[ni].name ? nodes[ni].name : "";
+        if (strncmp(qn, "__graphql__", 11) != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        got++;
+        int matched = 0;
+        for (int wi = 0; wi < nwant; wi++) {
+            if (strcmp(qn, want[wi].qn) == 0 && strcmp(name, want[wi].name) == 0) {
+                matched = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        /* Operation text (selection sets, variables) must never leak into a key. */
+        if (!matched || strchr(qn, '{') || strchr(name, '{') || strlen(qn) > 160) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "  [ET-GQL] unexpected Route qn='%s' name='%s'\n", qn, name);
+            ok = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (got != nwant) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "  [ET-GQL] FAIL graphql routes expected=%d actual=%d\n", nwant, got);
+        ok = 0;
+    }
+    int edges = store ? cbm_store_count_edges_by_type(store, lp.project, "GRAPHQL_CALLS") : -1;
+    if (edges < nwant) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "  [ET-GQL] FAIL GRAPHQL_CALLS=%d expected>=%d\n", edges, nwant);
+        ok = 0;
+    }
+    cbm_store_free_nodes(nodes, node_count);
+    et_cleanup(&lp, store);
+    return ok;
+}
+
+TEST(graphql_route_keyed_by_operation_name_issue598) {
+    static const EtFile f[] = {
+        {"graphql/client.py", "def gql(query):\n    return query\n"},
+        {"api/ops.py",
+         "from graphql.client import gql\n\n\n"
+         "def get_user():\n"
+         "    return gql('query GetUser($id: ID!) { user(id: $id) { name } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def update_user():\n"
+         "    return gql('mutation UpdateUser($id: ID!) { updateUser(id: $id) { id } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def list_users():\n"
+         "    return gql('fragment U on User { id } query ListUsers { users { ...U } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def on_event():\n"
+         "    return gql('subscription OnEvent { event { id } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def products():\n"
+         "    return gql('query { products(search: \"x\") { items { sku } } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def orders():\n"
+         "    return gql('{ orders { id total } }')\n\n\n"
+         "def logout():\n"
+         "    return gql('mutation { logout }')\n"}};
+    static const EtGqlRoute want[] = {
+        {"__graphql__GetUser", "GetUser"},
+        {"__graphql__UpdateUser", "UpdateUser"},
+        {"__graphql__ListUsers", "ListUsers"},
+        {"__graphql__OnEvent", "OnEvent"},
+        /* products + orders: `query { }` and the `{ }` shorthand are both
+         * anonymous queries and share one key. */
+        {"__graphql__query__anonymous", "(anonymous query)"},
+        {"__graphql__mutation__anonymous", "(anonymous mutation)"},
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(et_graphql_routes_exact(f, (int)(sizeof(f) / sizeof(f[0])), want,
+                                        (int)(sizeof(want) / sizeof(want[0]))));
+    PASS();
+}
+
+/* #598 parser edges the end-to-end fixture cannot reach through one language's
+ * string extraction: comments/strings/interpolations that contain braces, a
+ * bare word, non-document arguments and name truncation. */
+TEST(graphql_operation_identity_parser_issue598) {
+    const char *type = NULL;
+    char name[16];
+    static const struct {
+        const char *doc;
+        int named;
+        const char *type;
+        const char *name;
+    } cases[] = {
+        {"# fetch { all }\nquery Q1 { a }", 1, "query", "Q1"},
+        {"${UserFields} query WithFrag($id: ID) { u { ...UserFields } }", 1, "query", "WithFrag"},
+        {"fragment F on T @dir(x: \"{\") { a } mutation M2 { b }", 1, "mutation", "M2"},
+        {"\"\"\"doc { brace\"\"\" subscription S3 { c }", 1, "subscription", "S3"},
+        {"  query  \n ( $x: Int ) { a }", 0, "query", ""},
+        {"  { viewer { id } }", 0, "query", ""},
+        {"query GetUserByIdentifier { a }", 1, "query", "GetUserByIdenti"}, /* bounded */
+        {"data", 0, "operation", ""}, /* a bare word is not evidence of an operation */
+        {"https://api.example.com/graphql", 0, "operation", ""},
+        {"/graphql", 0, "operation", ""},
+        {"", 0, "operation", ""},
+    };
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(cases) / sizeof(cases[0]); i++) {
+        bool named = cbm_service_pattern_graphql_operation(cases[i].doc, &type, name, sizeof(name));
+        if ((int)named != cases[i].named || strcmp(type, cases[i].type) != 0 ||
+            strcmp(name, cases[i].name) != 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "  [ET-GQL] case %zu '%s' -> named=%d type=%s name=%s\n", i,
+                    cases[i].doc, (int)named, type, name);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(0);
+        }
+    }
+    ASSERT_FALSE(cbm_service_pattern_graphql_operation(NULL, &type, name, sizeof(name)));
+    ASSERT_STR_EQ(type, "operation");
+    PASS();
+}
+
 /* #1085: count CALLS edges whose target node has `name`, indexing via the
  * PARALLEL path (et_index_parallel pads to >50 files). The per-file TS resolver
  * used to treat a raw tsconfig alias as a confident target. That false row made
@@ -1982,6 +2113,8 @@ TEST(routes_express_get_survives_xlang_guard_parallel) {
 SUITE(edge_types_probe) {
     /* HANDLES — route→handler across web frameworks */
     RUN_TEST(calls_jsx_component_via_tsconfig_alias_parallel_issue1085);
+    RUN_TEST(graphql_route_keyed_by_operation_name_issue598);
+    RUN_TEST(graphql_operation_identity_parser_issue598);
     RUN_TEST(handles_flask_python);
     RUN_TEST(handles_fastapi_python);
     RUN_TEST(handles_drf_action_python);